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<title>investment – HARP – On This. . .</title>
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<title>New Year, New Office – Chicago</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/new-year-new-office-chicago/</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Sun, 19 Jan 2025 15:37:27 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Illinois commercial lease]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Illinois commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Illinois Limited Liability Company]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Public Private Partnerships]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
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<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[R Kymn Harp Joins Buchalter – January 2025 Buchalter is pleased to announce the opening of its newest office in Chicago, Illinoiswith the addition of lawyers and staff previously comprising the Chicago office of Robbins DiMonte, Ltd joining Buchalter. The […]]]></description>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/r-kymn-harp/#overview">R Kymn Harp</a> Joins <a href="http://www.buchalter.com">Buchalter</a> – January 2025</h2>
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<p><a href="http://www.buchalter.com">Buchalter</a> is pleased to announce the opening of its newest office in Chicago, Illinois<br />with the addition of lawyers and staff previously comprising the Chicago office of Robbins DiMonte, Ltd joining <a href="http://www.buchalter.com">Buchalter</a>. The Chicago office has 25 attorneys and support staff, including Shareholders <strong>Thomas Jefson, Steven Jakubowski, Patrick Owens, David Resnick, R. Kymn Harp, James Mainzer, Justin Weisberg, and Thomas Yardley Jr. </strong> Joining them are Jennifer Barton, Emily Kaminski, Teresa Minnich, Christine Walsh, Marko Van Buskirk, Timothy Hameetman, and Richard Stavins. In addition,<strong> Shareholder <a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/pamela-kohlman-webster/#overview">Pamela Webster</a></strong> will also spend a significant amount of time in the Chicago office. The team of highly experienced attorneys have deep roots and a long history of achieving exceptional results for clients.</p>
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<p>“As the third-largest city in the country, having a Chicago office has been a long-term goal for the firm,”<br />said <a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/adam-j-bass/#overview">Adam Bass</a>, President and Chief Executive Officer of <a href="http://www.buchalter.com">Buchalter</a>. “The city’s thriving real estate,<br />financial services, private equity, and technology sectors, along with its ideal geographic location,<br />present tremendous opportunities and strengthens Buchalter’s national presence. Finding the right<br />lawyers was essential, and the highly respected group joining us in Chicago are an excellent business and<br />cultural fit.”</p>
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<p>Buchalter’s expansion into Chicago marks a strategic move as the firm continues to bolster its national<br />footprint in key markets across the country. The firm established a presence in the Southeast with the<br />opening of its Nashville office in 2023 that has grown to 25 lawyers, followed by an office in Atlanta in 2024.</p>
<p>With the additions of the new lawyers in Chicago, the firm offers clients a deeper bench in practices it is well-known for, including real estate, banking and finance capabilities, trusts and estate matters, and complex litigation. </p>
<p>As the Office Managing Shareholder of Buchalter’s Chicago office, <strong><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/thomas-a-jefson/#overview">Thomas Jefson </a></strong>has extensive experience handling all aspects of complex trust and estate matters including, estate planning for High and Ultra-High Net Worth families, asset protection, probate and trust administration services, complex litigation involving disputed trusts and estates, claims against decedents as well as designing strategies to maximize tax savings. As a trusted legal advisor for over 22 years, Jefson regularly represents families, business owners and executives, investors, and individuals in sophisticated matters to preserve wealth and protect assets that help achieve their objectives for years to come. Additionally, he counsels financial institutions, business leaders within diverse industries in the areas of tax planning, charitable endeavors, fiduciary duty compliance, and other business transactional matters. </p>
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<p>“We are thrilled to join Buchalter, and I’m honored to lead the Chicago office,” said Jefson. “Joining<br />Buchalter provides us with the perfect opportunity to strengthen the support we provide to our clients, expand the services they count on, and collaborate with an impressive team of attorneys.”</p>
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<p><strong><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/r-kymn-harp/#overview">R. Kymn Harp</a></strong> has over 40 years of experience representing investors, developers, business owners, and<br />other stakeholders in all aspects of commercial real estate transactions and development. He applies a<br />practical approach to project and transaction management through clear identification of transaction<br />objectives and challenges, focused due diligence and creative problem-solving, and personal hands-on<br />transaction management. He also is actively engaged in the complementary practice of business<br />management law, representing businesses, and business owners and investors.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/james-m-mainzer/#overview">James Mainzer</a></strong> also has over 40 years of experience practicing in the areas of taxation, business<br />representation, real estate, and trusts and estates. His federal tax practice includes a heavy emphasis on<br />sophisticated partnership taxation and tax deferred exchanges. He represents private sector clients in<br />tax collection defense, audit, income tax, and estate tax matters. He also has substantial experience<br />dealing with IRS agents, revenue officers and IRS tax counsel regarding audits, tax appeals, and Federal<br />Tax Court matters.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/david-p-resnick/#overview">David Resnick</a> </strong>maintains a national practice concentrated in commercial real estate development, and<br />leasing and finance matters. He has over 24 years of experience handling all facets of commercial real<br />estate transactions, including the acquisition, sale, financing and leasing of industrial, office, residential,<br />retail and mixed-use properties. He also provides legal services to hospitality clients with respect to their<br />real estate, finance and operational matters.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/steve-jakubowski/#overview">Steve Jakubowski</a> </strong>concentrates his practice in distressed financings and workouts, bankruptcies,<br />receiverships, and related ancillary litigation. He has been lead and co-counsel in bankruptcy cases<br />nationwide, stretching from Delaware to Hawaii, including in multiple high profile cases nationwide on behalf of lenders, debtors, creditors and equity committees, acquirers, and litigation targets. These matters have involved a variety of industries, including: biotech; commercial real estate; premium fitness clubs; farming; department stores; restaurant chains; convenience stores; metal fabricators; equipment lessors; and wholesale food manufacturing, packaging, and distribution.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/patrick-d-owens/#overview">Patrick Owens</a></strong> possesses extensive expertise in estate planning for young professionals to established<br />high net worth clients. This experience also extends to managing a diverse array of estates, from<br />modest, nontaxable ones to those that are significantly large and complex, involving tax liabilities. His<br />involvement spans the full spectrum of trust and estate administration and oversight. He expertly<br />navigates these trusts and estates through their lifecycle, handling or overseeing all requisite income,<br />gift, and estate tax filings with meticulous attention to detail.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/justin-l-weisberg/#overview"><strong>Justin Weisberg</strong> </a>has over 30 years of legal experience with a national construction law and commercial<br />litigation practice. He represents private, public, local, and international clients in a variety of<br />construction-related transactions and litigation matters. His legal experience has included contract<br />negotiation and drafting of design, design-build, IPD, P3, and construction contracts as well as<br />mediation, arbitration and litigation including both bench and jury trials of numerous disputes involving<br />design and construction matters.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.buchalter.com/attorneys/thomas-p-yardley-jr/#overview">Thomas Yardley Jr.</a></strong> concentrates his practice in the areas of litigation, business transactions, creditors’<br />rights and bankruptcy, and employment and construction law. With over 30 years of experience, he has<br />handled diverse litigation matters for small business owners, high net worth individuals and<br />corporations. He has successfully represented clients in both state and federal court including:<br />commercial and contractual disputes, corporate litigation, minority shareholder oppression matters,<br />other employment cases, construction matters, condominium and real estate disputes, bankruptcy and<br />creditors’ rights matters, among others.</p>
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<p>“We are thrilled to welcome Tom and the entire Chicago team to Buchalter,” added Bass. “We have<br />immediate plans to expand the office and are looking forward to the future.”</p>
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<p>The Chicago office of Buchalter is located in Chicago’s central business district, at 180 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, Illinois 60601 – temporarily in Suite 3300, while it awaits completion of its new ultra-modern suite of offices on the 23rd floor of the same building, expected to be ready for occupancy in late Spring 2025,</p>
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<p><a href="http://“As the third-largest city in the country, having a Chicago office has been a long-term goal for the firm,” said Adam Bass, President and Chief Executive Officer of Buchalter. “The city’s thriving real estate, financial services, private equity, and technology sectors, along with its ideal geographic location, present tremendous opportunities and strengthens Buchalter’s national presence. Finding the right lawyers was essential, and the highly respected group joining us in Chicago are an excellent business and cultural fit.”://www.buchalter.com">Buchalter</a> is a full-service business law firm representing local, regional, national, and international<br />clients in a multitude of practice areas and their subspecialties, among them: Bank and Finance,<br />Corporate, Health Care, Litigation, Insolvency and Financial Law, Intellectual Property, Labor and<br />Employment, Real Estate, and Tax and Estate Planning. Buchalter has approximately 550 attorneys with<br />offices in California, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, and Washington. For<br />more information about the firm, visit:<a href="http://www.buchalter.com"> buchalter.com</a>.</p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">2073</post-id> </item>
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<title>PRIVATE INVESTOR ALERT – FinCEN ID</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/private-investor-alert-fincen-id/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/private-investor-alert-fincen-id/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Fri, 12 Apr 2024 22:25:21 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Corporate Transparency Act]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[FinCEN]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Investor Alert]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Private Investor Alert]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Private investor compliance]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Small business compliance]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=2039</guid>
<description><![CDATA[UPDATE: On December 7, 2024 FinCEN issued the following ALERT UPDATE regarding enforcement of the Corporate Transparency Act: “On Tuesday, December 3, 2024, in the case of Texas Top Cop Shop, Inc., et al. v. Garland, et al., No. 4:24-cv-00478 (E.D. […]]]></description>
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<p class="has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-06bd3dfeac041be342bba55c7757622a"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">UPDATE</span>: On December 7, 2024 FinCEN issued the following ALERT UPDATE regarding enforcement of the Corporate Transparency Act: </strong></p>
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<p class="has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background">“On Tuesday, December 3, 2024, in the case of <em>Texas Top Cop Shop, Inc., et al. v. Garland, et al.</em>, No. 4:24-cv-00478 (E.D. Tex.), a federal district court in the Eastern District of Texas, Sherman Division, issued an order granting a nationwide preliminary injunction that: (1) enjoins the CTA, including enforcement of that statute and regulations implementing its beneficial ownership information reporting requirements, and, specifically, (2) stays all deadlines to comply with the CTA’s reporting requirements. The Department of Justice, on behalf of the Department of the Treasury, filed a Notice of Appeal on December 5, 2024.</p>
<p class="has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background"><em>Texas Top Cop Shop</em> is only one of several cases in which plaintiffs have challenged the CTA that are pending before courts around the country. Several district courts have denied requests to enjoin the CTA, ruling in favor of the Department of the Treasury. The government continues to believe—consistent with the conclusions of the U.S. District Courts for the Eastern District of Virginia and the District of Oregon—that the CTA is constitutional.</p>
<p class="has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-background">While this litigation is ongoing, FinCEN will comply with the order issued by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas for as long as it remains in effect. Therefore, reporting companies are not currently required to file their beneficial ownership information with FinCEN and will not be subject to liability if they fail to do so while the preliminary injunction remains in effect. Nevertheless, reporting companies may continue to voluntarily submit beneficial ownership information reports.”</p>
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<p><strong>The referenced injunction was temporarily lifted by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit – but on December 26, 2024 the <em>INJUNCTION against enforcement has been REINSTATED</em>. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Enforcement of <em>the CORPORATE TRANSPARENCY ACT is again ON HOLD</em>. </span></strong></p>
<p class="has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-295be8cdf940cdca51abae195af60f87"><strong>CONTINUED MONITORING IS ADVISED</strong>. If you choose not to submit a beneficial ownership information (“BOI”) report at this time, it is recommended that the required information be compiled internally in case the injunction is lifted, requiring compliance in the future.</p>
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<p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>Corporate Transparency Act Compliance – Obtain your FinCEN ID NOW</strong></p>
<p> The Corporate Transparency Act (“Transparency Act”) is a new federal law that went into effect on January 1, 2024. It applies to most privately held companies (each, a “reporting company”)<a href="#_edn1" id="_ednref1">[i]</a>, especially those typically used for commercial real estate investment and most small businesses. There are exceptions but they are limited. Failure to comply exposes you to fines and criminal liability, including possible jail time.</p>
<p> The Transparency Act is administered and enforced by the U.S. Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”). Its aim is to curtail money laundering and other illegal activities.</p>
<p><strong>Beneficial Owners</strong></p>
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<p> To comply, each reporting company must file with FinCEN a written disclosure of all “beneficial owners” having a direct or indirect interest in the company. Beneficial owners are those individuals who (a) exercise “substantial control” over the entity, or (b) own or control at least 25% of the ownership interests in the entity.</p>
<p><strong>Substantial control</strong></p>
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<p>“Substantial control” is very broadly defined to include any individual who (i) serves as senior officer of a reporting company; (ii) has authority over the appointment or removal of any senior officer or a majority of the board of directors (or similar body) of a reporting company; (iii) directs, determines, or has substantial influence over important decisions made by the reporting company (functional or <em>de facto</em> authority); or (iv) has any other form of substantial control over the reporting company. Examples of individuals who are deemed to exercise “substantial control” include but are not limited to: c-suite officers of a corporation including any individual who holds the position of general counsel; managers of a limited liability company, trustees of a trust, and general partners of a limited partnership, to name a few</p>
<p><strong>Beneficial Ownership Information Report</strong></p>
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<p>Each reporting company is required to timely file with FinCEN a Beneficial Ownership Information Report (BOI Report) containing all necessary information. A parent company is not authorized to combine affiliated companies into a single BOI Report. Each and every reporting company must file a separate BOI Report. </p>
<p>In light of the legal exposure to fines and jail time, it is prudent to overreport rather than underreport to assure full compliance with the Transparency Act.</p>
<p><strong>Deadline for Reporting:</strong></p>
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<p>For reporting companies formed prior to January 1, 2024, the reporting deadline is December 31, 2024. For reporting companies formed on or after January 1, 2024 but prior to January 1, 2025, the reporting deadline is ninety (90) days after formation. For reporting companies formed on or after January 1, 2025, the reporting deadline is thirty (30) days after formation. A BOI Report needs to be filed only once except that if, after filing any initial BOI Report, any of the information in the BOI Report changes, the BOI Report must be timely updated.</p>
<p><strong>BOI Report Contents:</strong></p>
<p>Each BOI Report must be filed with FinCEN electronically using FinCENs’ Beneficial Ownership Secure System (“BOSS”). The BOI Report must include precise information about the reporting company and its beneficial owners. The information for each reporting company must include, without limitation, the following: the full legal name and any alternate or assumed name of the reporting company; its jurisdiction of formation; current U.S. address; Tax ID number; and a description and copy of an acceptable identifying document. </p>
<p><em>IN ADDITION</em>, each BOI Report must include detailed Beneficial Owner Information including (A) the individual’s last name (or if the beneficial owner is an entity, the entity’s legal name); first name, date of birth, current residence address, a description and copy of an acceptable form of identification, which may include the photo page of a current passport, state issued driver’s license (front and back) or other government issued photo ID (front and back); <em>or </em>(B) the beneficial owner’s FinCEN Identifier (“FinCEN ID). </p>
<p><strong>FinCEN Identifier (FinCEN ID):</strong></p>
<p>It is common for investors to be a beneficial owner of more than one reporting company. Since identifying information for each beneficial owner must be included in each BOI Report, repeatedly providing your detailed Beneficial Owner Information for successive BOI Reports may prove cumbersome and redundant. You may also be concerned about providing your Beneficial Owner Information to others. There is a solution.</p>
<p>Instead of repeatedly providing all required Beneficial Owner Information and documentation to each reporting company for each BOI Report, you can file it once with FinCEN and obtain a FinCEN Identifier, which is a unique 12-digit number issued by FinCEN which matches your Beneficial Owner Information to your information in the FinCEN database. The FinCEN database is designed to be confidential and secure, with highly restricted access. Thereafter, whenever a BOI Report is required to be filed, you may simply provide your FinCEN Identifier in lieu of detailed personal identifying information and documentation. </p>
<p>Obtaining a FinCEN Identifier is easy. Go to: <a href="http://fincenid.fincen.gov">http://fincenid.fincen.gov</a> then click on the Sign In or Create an Account button and follow the instructions. Alternatively, simply Google: <em><u>How to obtain FinCEN ID</u> </em>and then follow the step-by-step instructions.</p>
<p>Don’t delay. The clock is ticking.</p>
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<p><a href="#_ednref1" id="_edn1">[i]</a> As of March 11, 2024, FinCEN has posted an Updated Notice concerning a lawsuit entitled National Small Business Untied v. Yellen, No. 5:22-cv-01448 (N.D. Ala.) where a federal district court entered a final declaratory judgment concluding that the Corporate Transparency Act exceeds the Constitutions’ limits on the powers of Congress and enjoining the Department of Treasury and FinCEN from enforcing the Corporate Transparency Act against the plaintiffs. The Justice Department, on behalf of the Department of Treasury filed a Notice of Appeal on March 11, 2024. While the litigation is ongoing, FinCEN will continue to implement the Corporate Transparency Act as required by Congress, while complying with the courts order. For more information go to: <a href="https://www.fincen.gov/news/news-releases/updated-notice-regarding-national-small-business-united-v-yellen-no-522-cv-01448">https://www.fincen.gov/news/news-releases/updated-notice-regarding-national-small-business-united-v-yellen-no-522-cv-01448</a></p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">2039</post-id> </item>
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<title>MITIGATION OF DAMAGES IN IL COMMERCIAL LEASE DISPUTES</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/mitigation-of-damages-in-il-commercial-lease-disputes/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/mitigation-of-damages-in-il-commercial-lease-disputes/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 07 Mar 2023 22:04:27 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Illinois commercial lease]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Illinois commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Landlord-Tenant]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial lease default]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial lease mitigation of damages Illinois]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=1705</guid>
<description><![CDATA[An Illinois landlord under a commercial lease must take reasonable measures to mitigate damages, . . . but only if mitigation of damages is required – which is not always. LEARN MORE]]></description>
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<p class="has-text-align-center"><u><em>Synopsis</em></u>:</p>
<p class="has-text-align-center"><em>An Illinois landlord under a commercial lease must take reasonable measures to mitigate damages</em>,</p>
<p class="has-text-align-center"><em>. . . but only if mitigation of damages is required – which is not always.</em></p>
<p><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The General Duty to Mitigate</span></em></p>
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<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1000" height="667" data-attachment-id="1717" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/mitigation-of-damages-in-il-commercial-lease-disputes/estateagentarepresentinghomeloanandgivinghouseto/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/discussing-and-signing-agreement-contract-with-approved-application-form.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" data-orig-size="1000,667" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2020 SuperOhMo\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Estate,Agent,Are,Presenting,Home,Loan,And,Giving,House,To","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Estate,Agent,Are,Presenting,Home,Loan,And,Giving,House,To" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/discussing-and-signing-agreement-contract-with-approved-application-form.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/discussing-and-signing-agreement-contract-with-approved-application-form.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/discussing-and-signing-agreement-contract-with-approved-application-form.jpg?resize=1000%2C667" alt="discussing and signing agreement contract with approved application form" class="wp-image-1717" style="width:400px;height:267px" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/discussing-and-signing-agreement-contract-with-approved-application-form.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/discussing-and-signing-agreement-contract-with-approved-application-form.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/discussing-and-signing-agreement-contract-with-approved-application-form.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></figure></div>
<p> Illinois landlords and their agents are required to use reasonable measures to mitigate damages recoverable against a defaulting lessee. 735 ILCS 5/9-213.1. The term “reasonable measures” is not defined by statute, and Illinois courts have held that whether the landlord has complied with the reasonable-measures standard is a question of fact, to be determined on a case-by-case basis. <em>Danada Square, LLC v. KFC National Management Co.,</em> 392 Ill.App.3d 598, 913 N.E.2d 33, 41, 332 Ill.Dec. 438 (2d Dist. 2009).</p>
<p> Section 9-213.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 735 ILCS 5/1-101, <em>et seq.,</em> is mandatory, however, and it is the responsibility of the landlord, when proving damages, to also prove that it took reasonable measures to mitigate damages, whether or not the landlord’s requirement to mitigate damages was raised as an affirmative defense by the tenant. <em>St. George Chicago, Inc. v. George J. Murges & Associates, Ltd.,</em> 296 Ill.App.3d 285, 695 N.E.2d 503, 508 – 509, 230 Ill.Dec. 1013 (1st Dist. 1998); <em>Snyder v. Ambrose,</em> 266 Ill.App.3d 163, 639 N.E.2d 639, 640 – 641, 203 Ill.Dec. 319 (2d Dist. 1994).</p>
<p> The landlord has the burden to prove mitigation of damages as a prerequisite to recovery. <em>Snyder, supra, </em>639 N.E.2d at 641; <em>St. Louis North Joint Venture v. P & L Enterprises, Inc.,</em> 116 F.3d 262, 265 (7th Cir. 1997). Losses that are reasonably avoidable are not recoverable. <em>Nancy’s Home of Stuffed Pizza, Inc. v. Cirrincione,</em> 144 Ill.App.3d 934, 494 N.E.2d 795, 800; 98 Ill.Dec. 673 (1st Dist. 1986); <em>Culligan Rock River Water Conditioning Co. v. Gearhart,</em> 111 Ill.App.3d 254, 443 N.E.2d 1065, 1068, 66 Ill.Dec. 902 (2d Dist. 1982).</p>
<p> In dicta, the court in <em>St. George, supra,</em> stated that failure to take reasonable measures to mitigate damages may not necessarily bar recovery by the landlord, but it will result in the landlord’s recovery being reduced. 695 N.E.2d at 509. How this would work from an evidentiary standpoint, however, is not entirely clear. Presumably, the landlord could introduce evidence at trial that, although the landlord did not take reasonable measures to mitigate damages, if it had, damages would have been reduced by some specified amount. If the landlord fails to introduce even that evidence, however, the question appears to remain open as to whether the landlord adequately proved damages — since the burden of proof of damages remains with the landlord and there is no suggestion that the statutory requirement to prove mitigation shifts to the tenant.</p>
<p> At least one recent case has, in <em>dicta</em>, questioned aspects of both <em>St. George </em>and <em>Snyder,</em> <em>supra, </em>disagreeing that proof of mitigation must be demonstrated by the landlord as a prerequisite to recovering damages and has suggested that the issue of mitigation of damages is an affirmative defense that must be raised by the tenant, or it is waived. <em>Takiff Properties Group Ltd. #2 v. GTI Life, Inc.,</em> 2018 IL App (1st) 171477, ¶23; 124 N.E.3d 11; 429 Ill.Dec. 242.</p>
<p><em> </em>Further, as a matter of first impression, the court in <em>Takiff </em>went on hold that the landlord’s obligation to mitigate can be contractually waived by a commercial tenant <em>Takiff</em>, at ¶29, and, as determined by the trial court, was in fact contractually waived by the tenant, rendering the issue of mitigation moot. 2018 IL App (1st) 171477 at ¶31.</p>
<p> <em><u>Possession as a Condition Precedent to Landlord’s Duty to Mitigate</u></em>.</p>
<p> Notwithstanding any general duty of landlord to mitigate damages, a landlord has no duty to mitigate until the landlord comes into possession. <em>2460-68 Clark LLC v. Chopo Chicken, LLC</em>, 2022 IL App (1st) 210119, ¶34; <em>Block 418, LLC v. Uni-Tel Communications Group, Inc</em>. 398 Ill.App.3d 586, 925 N.E.2d 253, 258 ((Ill. App. 2 Dist. 2010); <em>St. George Chicago, Inc. v. George J. Murges & Associates, Ltd</em>., 296 Ill.App.3d at 290-91.</p>
<p> Discussing the application of this principal, the <em>Chopo Chicken</em> court noted that an eviction proceeding is a summary proceeding to recover possession. Since a landlord has no duty to mitigate until the landlord is in possession, and, in an eviction action, a landlord is not in possession until the eviction court grants the landlord an order of possession and landlord recovers possession, landlord’s efforts to mitigate, or the lack thereof, are not relevant. <em>Chopo Chicken, supra</em> ¶34</p>
<p> <em><u>Liquidated Damages Provision Makes Mitigation Irrelevant</u></em>. </p>
<p> It is the general rule in Illinois that, in the case of an enforceable liquidated damages provision, mitigation is irrelevant and should not be considered in assessing damages. <em>Chopo Chicken</em> at ¶33. A liquidated damages provision is an agreement by the parties as to the amount of damages that must be paid in the event of default. <em>Chopo Chicken</em> at ¶33. Liquidated damages in commercial leases are not uncommon.</p>
<p> In <em>Chopo Chicken</em>, the court considered a provision that included an itemization of damages recoverable by landlord from tenant including “a sum equal to the amount of unpaid rent and other charges and adjustments called for herein for the balance of the term hereof, which sum shall be due to Landlord as damages by reason of Tenant’s default hereunder” which, the court found, constituted a liquidated damages provision. </p>
<p> Similarly, in the <em>St. George</em> case, 296 Ill.App.3d 285; 695 N.E.2d 503, 507 the court found that a so-called “rent differential” formula (i.e. amount determined by the <em>excess</em> if any of the present value of the aggregate Monthly Base Rent and Operating Expense Adjustments for the remainder of the Term as then in effect <em>over</em> the then present value of aggregate fair rental value of the Premises for the balance of the Term the present value calculated in each case at 3%) constituted a liquidated damages provision.</p>
<p> <em><u>The Summary Rule regarding Mitigation</u></em></p>
<p> Based upon the foregoing cases, the actual Illinois rule governing mitigation of damages in commercial lease disputes appears to be as follows: A landlord must take reasonable measures to mitigate damages, if mitigation of damages is required – but mitigation of damages is not required (i) until the landlord is placed in possession of the leased premises, or (ii) when the lease includes a liquidated damages provision.</p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1705</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>COOL PROJECTS – A Love Affair Revisited</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/cool-projects-real-estate/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/cool-projects-real-estate/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Wed, 19 May 2021 22:28:00 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[adaptive reuse]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[business]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closings]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[conducting due diligence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[cool projects]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[creative use]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diliigence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[economic redevelopment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[ICSC RECon 2015]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[redevelopment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[urban infill]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=1173</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Adaptive Reuse Of Underutilized Real Estate Cool Projects – A Love Affair Revisited We are entering a new frontier for adaptive re-use. The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has left the urban commercial landscape in tatters. Shuttered vacant commercial space is commonplace […]]]></description>
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<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color"><strong>Adaptive Reuse Of Underutilized Real Estate </strong></mark></h1>
<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color"><strong><em>Cool Projects</em> – A Love Affair Revisited</strong></mark></h1>
<p>We are entering a new frontier for adaptive re-use. The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has left the urban commercial landscape in tatters. Shuttered vacant commercial space is commonplace throughout cities and towns. Doors and windows are boarded-up in shopping districts and entertainment districts that were thriving as recently as February 2020. Some have become barely recognizable. </p>
<p><strong>Looking to the Future</strong></p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft size-large is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1927" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/cool-projects-real-estate/old-post-office/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?fit=1200%2C630" data-orig-size="1200,630" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="old-post-office" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?fit=300%2C158" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?fit=1024%2C538" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?resize=400%2C210" alt="old post office" class="wp-image-1927" width="400" height="210" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?resize=1024%2C538 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?resize=300%2C158 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?resize=768%2C403 768w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/old-post-office.jpg?w=1200 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>What is to become of this vast inventory of vacant retail space, shuttered restaurants, empty hotels and office buildings, abandoned shopping malls, cavernous and empty theaters, stranded travel destinations, and more? Who will have the vision and courage to adapt and redevelop these properties into newly viable economic jewels? And when? </p>
<p>Make no mistake; it will happen. And it’s likely to happen much more quickly than you think. </p>
<p>While many are just beginning to peak their cautious heads out from under their COVID blankets, <em>value-add developers</em> are assembling to scoop-up valuable assets to be reimagined and repositioned for economic glory. If you believe the residential real estate market is hot, hold onto your collective hats. There are enormous profits to be made in commercial real estate and new business. These COVID-depressed sectors have struggled during the COVID shutdown, but unless the government blows it with short-sighted regulation and foolish tax policy, substantial economic revitalization is about to commence. Jobs, business opportunities, community-desired services and amenities, and great economic rewards are on the horizon. The ingenuity and creativity of value-add developers and the entrepreneurs they enable, coupled with vast amounts of available capital, are about to be unleashed in a torrent. </p>
<p>Pent-up demand is a powerful force. We are about to witness the creative power of visionary value-add developers as they reimagine and reinvent vacant and underutilized commercial space and turn it into some remarkably C<em>oo</em>l Projects. I can’t wait!</p>
<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color"><strong>C<em>OO</em>L PROJECTS – Real Estate Projects I <em>Love</em> to Work On. </strong></mark></h1>
<p>I love cool real estate projects. Cool projects are why I became a lawyer. Cool projects are why I come to the office each day. Cool real estate projects are why I did not become an astrophysicist (well, one reason – although, that might have been cool too). Cool projects are the reason I live, smile, dance, breath, scour the earth for new deals, jump for joy.</p>
<p>And by “c<em>oo</em>l”, I don’t mean in a thermal sense – but rather in a “<em>this project is so cool</em>” sense. I am referring to real estate projects that are awesome. Real estate projects that are fun. Real estate projects that make you say “<em>Wow – what a cool project!</em>”</p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft size-large is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1527" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/harp-photo-sept-2019-less-than-2mb/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Harp-Photo-Sept.-2019-less-than-2MB.png?fit=360%2C402" data-orig-size="360,402" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Harp Photo – Sept. 2019 less than 2MB" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>R. Kymn Harp</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Harp-Photo-Sept.-2019-less-than-2MB.png?fit=269%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Harp-Photo-Sept.-2019-less-than-2MB.png?fit=360%2C402" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Harp-Photo-Sept.-2019-less-than-2MB.png?resize=162%2C179" alt="" class="wp-image-1527" width="162" height="179"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">R. Kymn Harp</figcaption></figure></div>
<p>Cool projects don’t need to be costly projects in major urban centers – although those can be cool too. I’m talking about projects that are creative. Projects that require vision and imagination. Projects that take something mundane and turn it into something special.</p>
<p>Some people think I only like huge projects. To be honest, I do like huge projects, but largely because the huge projects I have worked on also happened to be cool projects.</p>
<p>Redevelopment of the commercial portions of Marina City in downtown Chicago was a cool project. Ground-up development of Sears Centre Arena in Hoffman Estates, Illinois was a cool project. Work on various mixed-use projects around the Midwest and upstate New York have been cool projects. But so has been the much smaller development of an 8,000 square foot microbrewery in the historic Motor Row District of Chicago using TIF financing; development of countless restaurant and entertainment venues throughout the Midwest; conversion of a multi-story industrial building into a high-tech office center; conversion of an outdated office building into a stylish, luxury hotel; adaptive reuse of outdated retail strip centers, bank buildings, city and suburban office buildings, bowling alleys, warehouses, industrial buildings, gas stations, and various small to medium sized special purpose buildings into modern, fully functional jewels – reinvented to provide much needed retail and service amenities for local neighborhoods and communities. It is not the size of the project that makes it cool – or the cost – it is the concept, imagination and creative challenge involved that makes the difference. At least for me.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color"><strong>Cool Projects Test</strong></span></span></h2>
<p>Here’s a test [call it the “<span style="color: #000000;"><em>Cool Projects Test</em></span>”, if you will]:</p>
<p>Which of the following projects is more likely to end up on Kymn Harp’s list of <em>cool projects</em>?</p>
<span id="more-1173"></span>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><em><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Project Choice No. 1:</span></em></span></h5>
<p>a. Developing a stand-alone bank building on a commerical outlot?</p>
<p><em>Or</em></p>
<p>b. Converting an historic firehouse into an upscale restaurant and wine bar with take-out bakery?</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><em><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Project Choice No. 2:</span></em></span></h5>
<p>a. Developing a 196 unit apartment complex on a large vacant lot?</p>
<p><em>Or</em></p>
<p>b. Redeveloping a former 3-story Main Street department store into a mixed-use project with first floor restaurants, sidewalk cafés, first floor retail, a side street residential lobby, apartments on the 2nd and 3rd floors, and a rooftop sundeck and fitness center?</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><em><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Project Choice No. 3:</span></em></span></h5>
<p>a. Developing a stand-alone strip shopping center?</p>
<p><em>Or</em></p>
<p>b. Developing retail shops within the underutilized first floor and lower level pedway serving an existing hotel/convention center?</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><em><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Project Choice No. 4:</span></em></span></h5>
<p>a. Developing a multiplex movie theater?</p>
<p><em>Or</em></p>
<p>b. Converting a former multiplex movie theater into a multi-tenant, specialty entertainment center with intimate live music venues, restaurants, an art gallery, and ethnic-focused shopping boutiques to serve a growing ethnic population in the surrounding community?</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><em><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Project Choice No. 5:</span></em></span></h5>
<p>a. Developing a national chain pharmacy on a corner lot?</p>
<p><em>Or</em></p>
<p>b. Redeveloping a former church as a music and theatrical venue with a restaurant, music store and gift shop?</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><em><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Project Choice No. 6:</span></em></span></h5>
<p>a. Developing a new suburban office tower?</p>
<p><em>Or</em></p>
<p>b. Coordinating economic redevelopment of a suburban downtown business district to transform a stagnant center of town into an affluent Millennial-friendly live-work-play lifestyle environment?</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #008080;"><em><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Project Choice No. 7:</span></em></span></h5>
<p>a. Developing an industrial/office park?</p>
<p><em>Or</em></p>
<p>b. Developing a multi-user sports and entertainment complex with restaurants, retail and parking?</p>
<p>Which Project Choices listed above qualify as “<em>cool projects</em>”? Not everyone will agree. There is no absolute, right answer. And don’t get me wrong, if a client walked through my door with any of these projects, I would be happy to jump on-board. But, the truth is that – in a perfect world, if given a choice – I would choose Project Choice “<span style="text-decoration: underline;">b</span>” every time.</p>
<p>Why? There is just something exhilarating about taking tired, underutilized or functionally obsolete properties and reinventing them as revitalized developments that make users say: “<em>WOW – what a cool project!</em>”</p>
<p>Cool projects require a lot of planning, legal insight, and specialized due diligence to make sure a successful transformation can be achieved, but the value-added turnaround can be long-lasting and well worth the effort.</p>
<p>I am always on the hunt for cool projects. I enjoy working with all my clients, but my favorite clients are investors, developers and business owners with creative vision, who can imagine the future, and make it happen.</p>
<p>Not every project I work on is a <em>cool project</em>. As a real estate lawyer, I work on the deals that clients bring me. Some projects are just good investments waiting to be built. I’m fine with that. There is nothing wrong with building projects that just serve a need. I endorse the concept, and am always glad to help, so give me a call. I am at your service.</p>
<p><em>But</em> . . ., for sure if you are contemplating a <em>cool project</em> – please stop whatever else you are doing, pick up your phone and call me. My direct line is <strong><span class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">312-456-0378</span></strong>. Let’s talk. My partners and I can help you get it done – and, I assure you, we can each have a blast doing it.</p>
<p>There is no thrill quite like the thrill of like-minds working together in sync, with skill and creativity, to move a cool project forward, from concept to completion. I would love to be part of your team.</p>
<p><em>Thanks for listening.</em></p>
<p>Be c<em>oo</em>l. </p>
<p> Be creative.</p>
<p> Call me.</p>
<p>Thanks,<br /><em>Kymn</em></p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1173</post-id> </item>
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<title>Your Real Estate Contract – Two Points to Consider</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/1406-2/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/1406-2/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2018 19:08:10 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closings]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[conducting due diligence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[consequences]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diliigence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[how to close]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[loans]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=1406</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Two Things You Need to Know As my readers know, I often represent real estate investors. When I draft a real estate contract I strive to make each provision absolutely clear in its meaning, and try to have it serve […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<h1 class="wp-block-heading">Two Things You Need to Know</h1>
<div class="wp-block-image size-medium wp-image-1145">
<figure class="alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="199" height="300" data-attachment-id="1145" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/due-diligence-checklists-for-commercial-real-estate-transactions-3/harp-3_17_15-019/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=2848%2C4288" data-orig-size="2848,4288" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"9","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1426589698","copyright":"","focal_length":"52","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.008","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Harp 3_17_15-019" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>R. Kymn Harp<br />
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=199%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=680%2C1024" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300" alt="" class="wp-image-1145" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300 199w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=680%2C1024 680w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?w=2000 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">R. Kymn Harp<br />Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</figcaption></figure></div>
<p>As my readers know, I often represent real estate investors. When I draft a real estate contract I strive to make each provision absolutely clear in its meaning, and try to have it serve as a workable road map to closing. Occasionally a client will draft a real estate contract on its own (or have a broker draft it), and sign it without my review or input. The client will then send it to me “<em>to close the transaction</em>“. Though I counsel clients that this can be a remarkably risky practice, some clients . . . being clients . . . do as they wish and ignore my advice. Such is life.</p>
<p>When faced with closing a transaction governed by a real estate contract I did not have a hand in preparing, I do my best. It is usually not a complete disaster, but there are often misunderstandings because of provisions that are not entirely clear.</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1766" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/1406-2/real-estate-agent-delivering-sample-homes-to-customers/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" data-orig-size="1000,667" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers.jpg?resize=400%2C266" alt="real estate agent Delivering sample homes to customers" class="wp-image-1766" width="400" height="266" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-agent-Delivering-sample-homes-to-customers.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>There are also situations where a provision in a real estate contract may be legally sufficient, but the seller and/or its attorney simply don’t understand the actual meaning of the provision. With a clearer provision the misunderstanding could be avoided, but the legal ramifications of certain provisions still are what they are, rather that what some imagine them to be. The following are two examples I have run into in the last week that I believe deserve comment and explanation:</p>
<p><strong>NO MORTGAGE CONTINGENCY: </strong> Contrary to the understanding by some Seller’s attorneys and their clients, the fact that a real estate contract does not include a mortgage contingency – and may even expressly state that the transaction is <em>not contingent</em> upon the Buyer obtaining a mortgage – does <strong><em>not</em></strong> mean that the Buyer is not obtaining a loan and using mortgage financing. It simply means that the Buyer’s obligation to proceed to closing under the real estate contract is not <em>contingent</em> upon the Buyer obtaining a mortgage loan.</p>
<p>Many investor Buyers have strong relationships with their lender. They know what their lender requires, and know that the property they are acquiring will qualify as collateral for a mortgage loan from their lender. Consequently, they do not make obtaining a mortgage a <em>contingency</em> to closing in the real estate contract. Be that as it may, the Buyer may still obtain a mortgage loan, and may fund the property purchase using loan proceeds.</p>
<p>This is the practical equivalent to the situation where a real estate contract does contain a mortgage contingency, but the contingency has been satisfied because the Buyer has been approved for a mortgage loan. <em>At that point</em> the contingency expires and the contract is no longer subject to a mortgage contingency. The Buyer will still be closing using its lender and the proceeds of its mortgage loan. Probably no one disputes that.</p>
<p>Likewise, in a real estate contract where there is no mortgage contingency from the beginning, the absence of a mortgage contingency does not, without more, imply at all that there will be no mortgage lender. If the parties intend to provide that a contract is to be a cash transaction with no lender, that should be expressly provided in the real estate contract. Otherwise, the mere absence of a <em>mortgage contingency</em> does not mean there will be no lender – it<i> </i>simply means the Buyer is taking the legal and financial risk that a mortgage will be obtained.</p>
<p>2. <strong>AN “AS IS” CLAUSE DOES NOT MEAN NO INSPECTION</strong>: As with the absence of a mortgage contingency clause, as discussed in point 1 above, there seems to be some confusion about what an “AS IS” provision in a real estate contract means.</p>
<p>It has recently been suggested to me by Seller’s counsel that since the Buyer is purchasing property in “<em>AS IS”</em> condition that there is no need for the Buyer to have an inspection period with the right to inspect the condition of the property. To the contrary, where a Buyer has agreed to acquire property in <em>AS IS</em> condition, it is absolutely vital for the Buyer to have an opportunity to inspect the property, with the right to terminate the transaction if the condition of the property is materially worse than the Buyer expected. The <em>AS IS</em> provision in a real estate contract simply means that the Buyer does not expect the Seller to make any repairs to the property, or expect the Seller to provide closing credits for defective conditions in the property, and that the Buyer will not come back to the Buyer after closing seeking recourse for undisclosed defects.</p>
<p>Having a provision in an real estate contract providing for an inspection period during which the Buyer can thoroughly inspect the property and terminate the contract within that period if the property is physically deficient is not at all inconsistent with a provision that the Buyer is agreeing to acquire the property in <em>AS IS</em> condition. The need to inspect is a matter of due diligence for the Buyer. If the Buyer inspects the property (or fails to inspect the property) and does not exercise its right to terminate within the inspection period provided in the real estate contract, <em>then</em> the Buyer is bound to close regardless of the condition of the property – with the possible exception of additional damage occurring to the property after the contract date, or at least after expiration of the inspection period.</p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" data-attachment-id="283" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/about/rsp_logofull_2pms/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RSP_LogoFull_2PMS.jpg?fit=963%2C350" data-orig-size="963,350" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="RSP_LogoFull_2PMS" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RSP_LogoFull_2PMS.jpg?fit=300%2C109" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RSP_LogoFull_2PMS.jpg?fit=963%2C350" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RSP_LogoFull_2PMS.jpg?resize=300%2C109" alt="" class="wp-image-283" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RSP_LogoFull_2PMS.jpg?resize=300%2C109 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RSP_LogoFull_2PMS.jpg?resize=500%2C181 500w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RSP_LogoFull_2PMS.jpg?w=963 963w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure></div>
<p>These are simple points, but they are misunderstood more frequently than one would hope or expect. To avoid needless misunderstandings, careful and meticulous drafting is a solution. But still . . . this is not rocket science.</p>
<p>Thanks for listening. . .</p>
<p>Kymn</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1406</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>A PASSION FOR (REAL ESTATE) BUSINESS</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/passion-real-estate-business/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/passion-real-estate-business/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2017 21:45:41 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[adaptive reuse]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[business]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closings]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diligence checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diliigence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[how to close]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[project entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[public-private partnership]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[site entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[urban infill]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=1380</guid>
<description><![CDATA[Lawyers are like most other business professionals. We want your business and we want your referrals – we just don’t always know the best way to ask for either. Take me for example. I’ve been handling commercial real estate transactions […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p>Lawyers are like most other business professionals. We want your business and we want your referrals – we just don’t always know the best way to ask for either.</p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" data-attachment-id="1379" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/passion-real-estate-business/kymn_harp/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Kymn_Harp.png?fit=250%2C222" data-orig-size="250,222" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Kymn_Harp" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Kymn_Harp.png?fit=250%2C222" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Kymn_Harp.png?fit=250%2C222" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Kymn_Harp.png?resize=250%2C222" alt="" class="wp-image-1379"/></figure></div>
<p>Take me for example. I’ve been handling commercial real estate transactions and business deals for nearly 40 years. I’ve loved (almost) every day of it, and I look forward to many more (knock on wood). My clients appreciate my insights and value the guidance I provide. Other attorneys respect what I do, and brokers and CPAs like working with me because I strive for practical solutions to efficiently and effectively get the job done. I pay close attention to learn my clients’ business objectives, then work diligently and negotiate hard to get my clients what they expect – when they expect it. That’s what lawyers do. Or at least what all lawyers should do. For any client hiring a lawyer, what else is there? Achieving client objectives and getting the deal closed on time is why lawyers exist. Deals fail, for sure, but we can never be the reason they fail. Deals that fail are a waste of everyone’s time and money. Getting the deal done, if it can be done, is our value proposition.</p>
<p>Deals are my lifeblood – my passion. They’re why I wake up every morning and get out of bed. I love this stuff. I can’t explain exactly why that is – it just is. Why do musicians practice their instruments and play? Why do scratch golfers golf? Why do competitive skiers ski? It’s our passion. We don’t know exactly why – it comes from within. And we always need more.</p>
<p>Commercial real estate deals always come first for me, but in every commercial real estate project is a business. They go hand in hand. My preference for a good real estate deal over a good business deal is a matter of only slight degree. There’s not really a number one and a number two. It’s more like #1 and #1A.</p>
<p>So what’s the problem?</p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="667" data-attachment-id="1807" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/passion-real-estate-business/businesspropertyrealestateandinvestmentconceptswithinvestorandwhite/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/business-propertyreal-estate-and-investment.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" data-orig-size="1000,667" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2021 HAKINMHAN\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Business,Property,real,Estate,And,Investment,Concepts,With,Investor,And,White","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Business,Property,real,Estate,And,Investment,Concepts,With,Investor,And,White" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/business-propertyreal-estate-and-investment.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/business-propertyreal-estate-and-investment.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/business-propertyreal-estate-and-investment.jpg?resize=1000%2C667" alt="business property,real estate and investment" class="wp-image-1807" style="width:400px;height:267px" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/business-propertyreal-estate-and-investment.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/business-propertyreal-estate-and-investment.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/business-propertyreal-estate-and-investment.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></figure></div>
<p>The problem is, a lot of people don’t know I’m available to represent them. I write books and articles on commercial real estate. I give seminars on how to structure and close business and real estate transactions. I publish a commercial real estate and business blog. People think I’m busy, or that I only handle huge deals. The truth is, I <em>am</em> busy – but never too busy to handle another deal, large or small. In the words of the late, great Lucille Ball: “<em>If you want something done, ask a busy person to do it</em>.” We all loved Lucy!</p>
<p>The most shocking question I get from prospective clients is: “<em>Would you (I) be willing to handle my (their) next business or commercial real estate deal?</em>” Are they kidding? My answer is always an emphatic “<em>yes</em>”! It’s my passion. It’s my love. It’s what I live for.</p>
<p>To be sure, I’m a business professional, and I charge for what I do, but if you have a commercial real estate deal or business deal, and need representation, I’m in. Never be shy about calling me. We’ll work out the economics. The range of deals I handle is extraordinarily diverse. For a taste, look at my blog <a href="http://www.harp-onthis.com">Harp-OnThis.com,</a> or check out my latest book, Illinois Commercial Real Estate on<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Kymn/dp/1524535095"> Amazon.com</a> or in your local public library. I love this stuff. I need this stuff. Of course I want to represent you. When can we get started?</p>
<p>So back to my initial point: I do want your business and your business referrals. Like many other business professionals, I just don’t know the best way to go about asking for it. What do you suggest?</p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1380</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>THE CLIENT CONUNDRUM</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/the-client-conundrum/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/the-client-conundrum/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Nov 2017 18:55:30 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Asset Protection]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[client]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[conducting due diligence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[consequences]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[how to close]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Illinois]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=1376</guid>
<description><![CDATA[A mistake lawyers make is treating all clients the same. It’s a mistake shared by other professions as well. They’re not all the same. The issues clients face, and the solutions they deserve, are as varied as life itself. With […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p>A mistake lawyers make is treating all clients the same. It’s a mistake shared by other professions as well. They’re not all the same. The issues clients face, and the solutions they deserve, are as varied as life itself.</p>
<div class="wp-block-image size-medium wp-image-1145">
<figure class="alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="199" height="300" data-attachment-id="1145" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/due-diligence-checklists-for-commercial-real-estate-transactions-3/harp-3_17_15-019/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=2848%2C4288" data-orig-size="2848,4288" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"9","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1426589698","copyright":"","focal_length":"52","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.008","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Harp 3_17_15-019" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>R. Kymn Harp<br />
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=199%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=680%2C1024" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300" alt="" class="wp-image-1145" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300 199w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=680%2C1024 680w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?w=2000 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">R. Kymn Harp<br />Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</figcaption></figure></div>
<p>With the rise of technology and the commoditization of legal services, nuance can be lost. Precise solutions to particular problems may be neglected while cookie-cutter boilerplate is offered as a cheap substitute. Not that all boilerplate and technology is bad – they can provide huge benefits when applied correctly. But just as a mass-produced size 9 leather dress shoe may be ideal for some, it is of little comfort or use to an athlete with a size 10 foot.</p>
<p>Automation is a cost-saver, no doubt. But is it a reasonable substitute for thoughtful analysis and tailor-made solutions to client specific problems?</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1810" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/the-client-conundrum/malematurecaucasianceobusinessmanleaderwithdiversecoworkersteam/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/executive-managers-group-at-meeting.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" data-orig-size="1000,667" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2022 Ground Picture\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Male,Mature,Caucasian,Ceo,Businessman,Leader,With,Diverse,Coworkers,Team,","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Male,Mature,Caucasian,Ceo,Businessman,Leader,With,Diverse,Coworkers,Team," data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/executive-managers-group-at-meeting.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/executive-managers-group-at-meeting.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/executive-managers-group-at-meeting.jpg?resize=400%2C267" alt="executive managers group at meeting" class="wp-image-1810" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/executive-managers-group-at-meeting.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/executive-managers-group-at-meeting.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/executive-managers-group-at-meeting.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>There may be areas of life where commoditized legal services represent a reasonable tradeoff. Perhaps consumers engaged in everyday transactions are adequately-served by inexpensive one-size fits all solutions. Even a consumer buying a home – often touted as the largest single transaction most consumers will make in their lifetime – may be well-served by inexpensive boilerplate solutions on most occasions. In the world of consumer transactions and consumer finance, there is a protective overlay of consumer protection laws and oversight that will often fill in the gaps left by a one-size fits all approach.</p>
<p>But what about most commercial transactions? Buying or starting a business? Investing in commercial or industrial real estate? Raising capital from third parties? Entering into a partnership agreement or limited liability company operating agreement for a commercial venture where someone else is in control, and uses or controls your money – or where you use or control someone else’s money? Are these circumstances where one-size solutions and documentation make sense?</p>
<p>How do you protect yourself if something goes wrong? Experience shows something can always go wrong. And when things go wrong in a commercial transaction, expensive lawsuits often follow.</p>
<p>Business people consider themselves to be intelligent, reasonable beings. When they invest in a business or real estate project they expect it will succeed. If they thought otherwise, they would not make the investment. That would be foolish, and they know for certain that they’re not foolish. If it fails, they conclude it had be someone’s fault – but it certainly wasn’t theirs. They must have been duped. Information must have been withheld. They must have been lied to or cheated. The other party must at least be incompetent if not downright crooked.</p>
<p>You may laugh, but that’s often how it happens. You may be one hundred percent competent and above-board. You may have understood and discussed the risks to the point where you are certain that your partners or investors understand the risks as well – but if you’re the promoter of the failed business or investment, or you’re in charge of making management decisions – you should expect to find yourself staring down the business end of a double-barreled lawsuit claiming the loss is your fault – even if you lost money as well, and even if nothing you did or could have done resulted in the loss. Changing economic circumstances, business and lifestyle trends, and other factors far beyond your control may be the reason for the loss, but you will be blamed. How do to protect yourself?</p>
<p>Suppose you’re on the other side. What if you’re the investor or partner asked to invest? What do you look for? What do you require? How do you protect yourself?</p>
<p>Clients are not all the same. Commercial transactions are not all the same. The risks and benefits of each investment and business venture are not all the same. The solutions and documentation of each transaction cannot, therefore, be all the same.</p>
<p>If clients are engaged in serious business, serious attention is required. Both the attorney and the client need to understand this. Once a deal goes bad, it’s too late to go back and redo what should have been done at the outset.</p>
<p>Will doing it right up front cost more?</p>
<p>Probably.</p>
<p>Will it be worth it if things go poorly?</p>
<p>You bet.</p>
<p>Should clients buy a size 9 shoe for their size 10 foot?</p>
<p><em>Thanks for listening. . .</em></p>
<p><em>Kymn </em></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1376</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>Outside Investors and the Real Estate PPM – A Critical Step</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/outside-investors-and-the-real-estate-ppm-a-critical-step/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/outside-investors-and-the-real-estate-ppm-a-critical-step/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2017 23:16:05 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[adaptive reuse]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diligence checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[PPM]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[private placement memorandum]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=1352</guid>
<description><![CDATA[It is not uncommon for commercial real estate investors to pool their funds for real estate investments. To obtain project financing, equity requirements remain relatively high. Loan to value ratios are in the 60% to 70% range in many circumstances. […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="109" data-attachment-id="1041" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/illinois-llcs-the-asset-protection-advantage/rsp_logohd-3/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?fit=963%2C350" data-orig-size="963,350" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="RSP_LogoHD (3)" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?fit=300%2C109" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?fit=963%2C350" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?resize=300%2C109" alt="RSP_LogoHD (3)" class="wp-image-1041" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?resize=300%2C109 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?w=963 963w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure></div>
<p>It is not uncommon for commercial real estate investors to pool their funds for real estate investments. To obtain project financing, equity requirements remain relatively high. Loan to value ratios are in the 60% to 70% range in many circumstances. Even a modestly priced commercial project with a $5,000,000 price tag may require equity in the range of $1,500,000 to $2,000,000. The greater the price tag, the higher the equity requirement. A Real Estate PPM is an important tool when raising funds from outside investors for a real estate project.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">TYPICAL INVESTMENT STRUCTURE</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1782" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/outside-investors-and-the-real-estate-ppm-a-critical-step/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" data-orig-size="1000,667" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project.jpg?resize=400%2C267" alt="developers and engineers discuss future of the major real estate project" class="wp-image-1782" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/developers-and-engineers-discuss-future-of-the-major-real-estate-project.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>Private real estate investments are typically structured through a manager-managed limited liability company (LLC), with the project promoter or its affiliate named as the manager. Oftentimes, the business terms of the transaction will include a cumulative preferred return to equity investors, an attractive internal rate of return to equity investors until all capital is returned, and a waterfall that provides for a disproportionate percentage of distributable cash to be used toward repayment of the equity investment until it is repaid in full, followed by a permanent allocation of profits and losses based on percentage of ownership.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">OUTSIDE INVESTORS – PROS AND CONS</h2>
<p>The advantage to the promoter in raising capital from outside investors is that it places the promoter in a position to acquire and control more and larger real estate projects. A disadvantage to promoters is that they must give up a meaningful piece of project ownership and anticipated profits in return for using other people’s money.</p>
<p> An advantage to outside investors is that they may realize high investment returns and certain tax advantages by participating in a real estate investment. A disadvantage is that they typically have little direct control over the project and must rely upon the knowledge, skill and efforts of the promoter to make money. Of course, if the outside investors don’t possess the knowledge and skill themselves, relying on an experienced real estate promoter may be their best bet for taking advantage of the opportunities real estate investment has to offer.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">DUE DILIGENCE AND THE REAL ESTATE PPM</h2>
<p>Whether investing in a stabilized real estate project, a project to be newly constructed, or a value-add project requiring redevelopment, renovation, or adaptive reuse, careful evaluation of the benefits and risks always require knowledgeable investigation using due diligence.</p>
<p>A good place for an outside investor to begin is by closely reading the investment PPM (private placement memorandum) which an outside investor should expect to receive from the promoter before making an investment. A well drafted Real Estate PPM will describe the project, the relevant history and experience of the promoter, sources of funds, uses of funds, material terms of the investment, including transfer restrictions, the exit strategy, and the identifiable risks of the investment and the project.</p>
<p>The Real Estate PPM, however, is only the beginning. A conscientious investor needs to go beyond the statements in the PPM to gain an understanding of the underlying real estate project itself, not unlike a conscientious lender would – but even more so, since the interest of an equity investor is subordinate to the interest of any secured lenders. If the prospective investor does not have the direct knowledge and expertise to evaluate and understand the underlying real estate project, it is highly advisable for the prospective investor to hire an advisor, attorney or consultant who has the skill-set to conduct the evaluation.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">PPM – A DEFENSE DOCUMENT</h2>
<p>Promoters sometimes resist preparing a fully developed PPM because they believe (naively) that it is an unnecessary burden and needless expense. Realistically, however, it is essential and its cost is a cost of raising money from outside investors.</p>
<p>Some promoters discount the value of a carefully prepared PPM because they think of it as a marketing brochure. With that belief, they conclude that their investors don’t need an expensive marketing brochure prepared by a lawyer. In truth, a PPM is not a marketing brochure. It is a critical defense document. Like insurance, it is only a <em>waste of money</em> if you never need it. Even the most well thought-out real estate project may not turn out as planned, or may not result in the impressive profits anticipated at the outset. In that case, <em>believe it or not</em>, there is a meaningful risk that the investors will sue – especially if they end up losing money.</p>
<p>Anytime a person is making a passive investment with the expectation that profits will be derived solely through the efforts of another, the investment is, by definition, an <em>investment contract</em> and, by extension, a <em>security</em>. The party offering the security is required by law to make a whole host of disclosures to make sure the investor is fully informed of all material facts and risks. Failure to adequately describe the investment and disclose known and foreseeable risks exposes the promoter to serious potential liability under applicable securities laws and regulations.</p>
<p>When the investors sue, it will be for on a variety of theories, including breach of contract, fraud in the inducement, common law fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and violation of applicable securities laws. The investors will allege that the promoter made all kinds of promises and told the investor all kinds of things regarding the project and the investment, which the promoter knew, or should have known, were false. The investor will also claim the promoter concealed or failed to disclose facts and risks known to the promoter which, if disclosed, would have caused the investors to decline making the investment. Since securities laws provide investment rescission rights and impose near strict liability on a broad range of promoters and persons controlling the investment, the promoter and its principal advocates can be exposed to significant personal liability absent an effective and reliable defense.</p>
<p>A well-crafted PPM can be highly effective in providing a strong defense by spelling out, in writing, all the material details and assumptions of the project and the investment, and all known and foreseeable risks inherent in the project and the investment. It will also limit the right of the investors to rely upon only the matters expressed in the PPM, and will clarify the distinction between statements of fact, and forward looking projections which constitute matters of opinion or belief which cannot reasonably be relied upon. As such, the Real Estate PPM is a powerful defense tool that no real estate promoter seeking investment from outsiders should go without. If things go poorly, it will be the firewall between the investors’ loss and the personal liability of the promoter.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">INVESTOR RELIANCE ON PPM</h2>
<p>From the investors’ perspective, the PPM is a valuable tool as well. If meticulously crafted, it will disclose the material details of the project and the investment, and will point out risks the investor should consider, even if they are risks the investor is willing to accept. The investor will have the right to rely upon the facts and details set forth in the PPM unless expressly qualified or limited. If the PPM misstates the facts or omits to disclose known or knowable risks, the PPM can serve as a powerful piece of evidence in a claim against the promoter. It is precisely this evidentiary risk that impels promoters to dot the <em>i</em>’s and cross the <em>t</em>’s to make sure the PPM is complete and accurate – which makes it a valuable source of information for the prospective investor.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">PROJECT DUE DILIGENCE BY INVESTOR</h2>
<p>Even with the inclusion of necessary facts and disclosures in the Real Estate PPM, a detailed analysis and discussion of certain real estate fundamentals underlying the project may not fall within the purview of the PPM. If the disclosed risks are carefully crafted with broad language, in may be up to the prospective investor, in the exercise of due diligence, to evaluate the underlying project to confirm the suitability of the property for its envisioned use.</p>
<p>Due diligence by the investor is always appropriate. If the prospective investor does not have the knowledge on its own to understand real estate fundamentals, it is incumbent upon the investor to engage a real estate professional who possesses the necessary knowledge. Regardless of whether a failure to adequately disclose and address gaps in the underlying project fundamentals is sufficient to expose the promoter to liability, imposing liability on the promoter is not the object of the investment. The object of the investment is to put the investor’s money to work in a profitable venture that will yield a favorable return – not a lawsuit.</p>
<p class="has-text-align-center">* * *</p>
<p>Whether raising money from outside investors, or considering an investment in a real estate project as a passive outside investor, a well-crafted Real Estate PPM is a vital component and critical step. Ignore it at your own peril.</p>
<p>Thanks for listening,</p>
<p>Kymn</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1352</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>NEW BOOK – Illinois Commercial Real Estate</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/1338-2/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/1338-2/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Mon, 17 Oct 2016 14:41:53 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[adaptive reuse]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[asset protection]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closings]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[conducting due diligence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[how to close]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[lenders]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[lending]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[loan documentation]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[project entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[public-private partnership]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[site entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[urban infill]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=1338</guid>
<description><![CDATA[I’m happy to announce that the website for my new book, Illinois Commercial Real Estate is now live. Visit www.Illinois-CRE.com for a book excerpt. Illinois Commercial Real Estate, Due Diligence to Closing, with Checklists, is intended as a practical handbook […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I’m happy to announce that the website for my new book, <strong><em>Illinois Commercial Real Estate</em></strong> is now live. Visit www.Illinois-CRE.com for a book excerpt.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.Illinois-CRE.com"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1331" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/illinois-commercial-real-estate-book-cover/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Book-Cover.jpg?fit=734%2C1087" data-orig-size="734,1087" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="illinois-commercial-real-estate-book-cover" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>www.illinois-cre.com</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Book-Cover.jpg?fit=203%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Book-Cover.jpg?fit=691%2C1024" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1331" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Book-Cover.jpg?resize=203%2C300" alt="illinois-commercial-real-estate-book-cover" width="203" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Book-Cover.jpg?resize=203%2C300 203w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Book-Cover.jpg?resize=691%2C1024 691w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Illinois-Commercial-Real-Estate-Book-Cover.jpg?w=734 734w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px" /></a><strong><em>Illinois Commercial Real Estate, Due Diligence to Closing, with Checklists</em></strong>, is intended as a practical handbook for investors, developers, brokers, lenders, attorneys and others interested in commercial real estate projects in Illinois. This book zeros-in on commercial real estate due diligence, and walks the reader through the due diligence process, from conception to closing, with a focus on making sure the commercial real estate project functions as intended after closing. Checklists are provided as an aid to commercial real estate professionals to assist on evaluation of the property and the transaction on the path toward successful closing. As people in the real estate industry understand, if the deal doesn’t close, it doesn’t count.</p>
<p>I’d like to extend <strong>Special Thanks</strong> to:</p>
<p>My <em>clients</em>, whose passion for creative commercial development I share;</p>
<p>My<em> partners and staff</em> at <a href="http://www.rsplaw.com">Robbins, Salomon and Patt, Ltd.,</a> who work with me tirelessly to earn our client’s business every day.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.rsplaw.com/catherine-cooke/">Catherine A. Cooke</a> and<a href="http://www.rsplaw.com/emily-c-kaminski/"> Emily C. Kaminski,</a> attorneys at Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd. who provided legal research, advice, counseling, and technical editing;</p>
<p><a href="http://www.rsplaw.com/james-mainzer/">James M. Mainzer</a>, tax partner at Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd., for his insights and assistance on tax matters;</p>
<p>The editing staff at the<a href="http://www.iicle.com/"><em> Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education</em></a>, for editing early versions of chapters 11, 12, 25, 27 and 28, which were first published in <a href="http://www.iicle.com/">IICLE</a> Practice Handbooks;</p>
<p>Dale V. Weaver, Illinois licensed surveyor, who was kind enough to convert my rough draft drawings into the diagrams included at chapter 25;</p>
<p>. . . and, of course, my friend and valuable resource, Linda Day Harrison, founder of <a href="http://thebrokerlist.com/">theBrokerList</a>, for her ongoing encouragement and support.</p>
<p>If you are buying, developing, financing, selling, leasing or otherwise dealing with commercial real estate in Illinois, I hope you will find <strong><em>Illinois Commercial Real Estate, Due Diligence to Closing, with Checklists</em></strong><em> </em>to be a useful resource.</p>
<p>ENJOY!!!</p>
<p>R. Kymn Harp</p>
<p><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1041" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/illinois-llcs-the-asset-protection-advantage/rsp_logohd-3/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?fit=963%2C350" data-orig-size="963,350" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="RSP_LogoHD (3)" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?fit=300%2C109" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?fit=963%2C350" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1041" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?resize=300%2C109" alt="RSP_LogoHD (3)" width="300" height="109" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?resize=300%2C109 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RSP_LogoHD-3.jpg?w=963 963w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1338</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>AIR RIGHTS DEVELOPMENT – Chicago, Illinois</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/developing-chicago-air-rights/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/developing-chicago-air-rights/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Fri, 08 Jul 2016 21:22:00 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[WHY DEVELOP AIR RIGHTS? Prime commercial land is limited. Prices per square foot can be astronomical. Demand for efficiency to maximize return on investment is growing. No wonder developers and property owners are looking to the sky, with varying degrees […]]]></description>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">WHY DEVELOP AIR RIGHTS?</h2>
<p>Prime commercial land is limited. Prices per square foot can be astronomical. Demand for efficiency to maximize return on investment is growing. No wonder developers and property owners are looking to the sky, with varying degrees of success, to capture all the value they can from each urban parcel. Air rights development may be the solution you are looking for.</p>
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<figure class="alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="216" height="300" data-attachment-id="103" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/developing-chicago-air-rights/httpwww-dreamstime-comstock-image-chicago-skyline-image2898031/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_2898031-licensed.jpg?fit=1469%2C2040" data-orig-size="1469,2040" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"(c) Russiangal | Dreamstime.com","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/stock-image-chicago-skyline-image2898031"}" data-image-title="http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-chicago-skyline-image2898031" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_2898031-licensed.jpg?fit=216%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_2898031-licensed.jpg?fit=737%2C1024" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_2898031-licensed.jpg?resize=216%2C300" alt="http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-chicago-skyline-image2898031" class="wp-image-103" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_2898031-licensed.jpg?resize=216%2C300 216w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_2898031-licensed.jpg?resize=737%2C1024 737w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_2898031-licensed.jpg?w=1469 1469w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px" /></figure></div>
<p>Owners and developers, and people in general, are conditioned to think of potential development sites as flat surfaces with essentially two dimensions: north/south and east/west. They see only the surface of the land, and envision the building they will construct for the particular purpose they have in mind; a bank, a drugstore, a restaurant, a strip mall, a parking garage, an office building. If the parcel is larger than they need, they may envision subdividing the parcel to make two or more lots. In most cases, however, they think primarily in terms of land coverage for the type of building they need. They visualize only the two dimensional space depicted on their Site Plan or Plat of Survey.</p>
<p>In 30 out of 50 states, including Illinois and all other Mid-Western states, the “Rectangular Survey System” is in effect. The Rectangular Survey System was adopted in 1785 to meet the needs of the Federal Government as it faced the challenge of dividing vast areas of undeveloped land lying west of the original 13 colonies. The system, developed under the direction of Thomas Jefferson, essentially divides the United States into rectangles, measured in relation to lines known as Meridians and Base Lines.</p>
<p>Development lots are instinctively viewed as the two-dimensional surface of land visually representing a potential development parcel. Descriptions of a parcel typically refer to “a parcel of land X feet by Y feet” located in relation to an intersection or other identifiable landmark.</p>
<p>Once a parcel is “developed”, or designated for development, by construction of improvements on the land, it is natural to think of the parcel as being unavailable for further development (unless the existing improvements are to be demolished).</p>
<p>Classic examples of this are single story commercial buildings at prime commercial locations, a multi-deck parking garage or mid-rise building in a downtown development area, railroad tracks or spurs cutting across valuable urban land and, in some cases, roadways and alleys.</p>
<p>Each of these situations represent, potentially, under-utilization of valuable real estate. Finding a way to develop the “air” above these existing or planned improvements maximizes the economic utility of these parcels and can be like creating “<em>money from thin air</em>.”</p>
<p>The practice of finding ways to utilize the “space above” is often referred to as “air rights development”. Air rights development requires thinking in three dimensions, and requires serious design consideration and legal planning but, when land values are at a premium and zoning permits, the economic return may be dramatic.</p>
<p>Though often overlooked, virtually all of Chicago’s downtown business district is a “<em>city in the air</em>“. People tend to think of streets and street level entrances to buildings in the downtown Chicago “loop” as being at “ground level”. This is simply not the case. Most of what is thought of in the Chicago Loop as being at “ground level” is located 12 to 22 feet above the earth’s surface. This explains the vast network of “lower” streets and passageways in downtown Chicago, such as “Lower Wacker Drive”, “Lower Dearborn Street”, “Lower State Street”, etc. which most people seldom traverse. It also explains why, in 1992, the Chicago Loop business district was virtually shut down by “the Great Loop Flood of ’92”, but few people got wet or even saw any water as office and retail buildings were closed and workers were sent home because of “flooding”.</p>
<p>The point of these observations is to reveal that “development of air rights” is not new. It is also not “. . . some exotic legal manipulation of doubtful efficacy dreamed up by big city lawyers for use only in big cities”. Development of so-called “air rights” is little more than efficient use of a limited resource when use becomes economically feasible and beneficial.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">WHAT ARE “AIR RIGHTS”?</h2>
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<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1785" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/developing-chicago-air-rights/lookingupatthecitysdenserealestateproperties/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/looking-up-at-the-citys-dense-real-estate-properties.jpg?fit=1000%2C668" data-orig-size="1000,668" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2019 Lili.Q\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Looking,Up,At,The,City's,Dense,Real,Estate,Properties","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Looking,Up,At,The,City’s,Dense,Real,Estate,Properties" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/looking-up-at-the-citys-dense-real-estate-properties.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/looking-up-at-the-citys-dense-real-estate-properties.jpg?fit=1000%2C668" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/looking-up-at-the-citys-dense-real-estate-properties.jpg?resize=400%2C267" alt="looking up at the city's dense real estate properties" class="wp-image-1785" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/looking-up-at-the-citys-dense-real-estate-properties.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/looking-up-at-the-citys-dense-real-estate-properties.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/looking-up-at-the-citys-dense-real-estate-properties.jpg?resize=768%2C513 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>“Air rights” are part of the “bundle of rights” constituting fee simple title to real estate. The term “air rights” generally refers to the right of the owner of fee simple title of a parcel of land to use the space above the land. If this right did not exist, it would not be possible to </p>
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<p>construct improvements on the land, such as a home, fence or other structure above the surface of the land. While the ancient common law doctrine that “ownership of land extends to the periphery of the universe” has been limited to accommodate the modern world realities of air-travel, the fundamental concept that land ownership includes the right to use and occupy the airspace above the surface of the land is well established.</p>
<p>As one of the bundle of property rights comprising fee simple title to real estate, “air rights” may also be “unbundled” and alienated separate from other rights in the bundle. Conceptually, from a legal standpoint, the separation and transfer of so-called “air rights” is not materially different from subdividing and transferring a lot pictured in only two dimensions. Instead of subdividing and selling off, for example, “that part of Lot 1 lying east of the west 100 feet of Lot 1” as depicted on a plat of survey, the transfer of air rights subdivides and transfers a parcel based upon its vertical elevation. For example, one might subdivide and transfer “that part of Lot 1 lying above a horizontal plane located 100 feet above [some benchmark elevation].</p>
<p>By dividing a development parcel “vertically”, it is often possible to “stack” uses in a mixed use development owned by more than one owner or developer, in the same way it is possible to subdivide and develop side-by-side a horizontal surface subdivision. In some cases, without even developing the open air above existing or planned improvements, it is possible to sell and transfer “air rights” to an adjacent property owner to allow construction of a taller building on an adjacent building site. Recognizing this potential can result in a substantial economic windfall to a property owner otherwise under-utilizing a valuable development parcel.</p>
<p>Air rights development is a combination of black letter real estate law and the applicable zoning code of the community in which your property is located. Because zoning codes are legislative pronouncements, they are subject to change as local city councils determine appropriate. For this reason, the current zoning classification for every project, and certainly for any project involving “air rights development” must be examined at the beginning of each transaction as part of the due diligence investigation.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><em>Hypothetical Facts</em></strong><strong>:</strong></h3>
<p>Suppose you are planning to acquire a 20,000 square foot parcel in Chicago, Illinois zoned DC-12 or DX-12. Your purchase price is $4,500,000. You believe it is a perfect location for a restaurant-banquet-entertainment complex serving food and liquor, with live entertainment and dancing. You visualize a state of the art venue spread out over 2 floors, with about 19,000 square feet of usable space per floor, for a total restaurant-banquet-entertainment venue of 38,000 square feet. Fortunately, adequate parking is close by and available. Demand for offices and condominium housing is growing in the vicinity of your parcel, which you believe will further enhance the chances of success of your planned business by bringing more customers through your doors. Although you recognize development of offices and condominiums in your area is a “hot” development opportunity and might also be an excellent investment, you have no interest or experience in developing offices or condominiums and really just want to develop and open your dream restaurant-banquet-entertainment complex. You have calculated your costs of construction and operation, and believe the project is economically feasible, although you would like to find a way to cut your costs or otherwise increase your return on investment.</p>
<p><em>Consider this</em>: The restaurant-banquet-entertainment complex you wish to construct is a permitted use in the applicable zoning classification under the Chicago Zoning Ordinance. Also permitted is a wide array of other business and service uses, as well as dwelling units as long as the dwelling units are not below the second floor.</p>
<p>The permitted floor area ratio (F.A.R.) for a parcel zoned as a DC-12 or DX-12 zoning classification under the Chicago Zoning Ordinance is 12; which means that the total square footage of the building or buildings permitted on your 20,000 square foot parcel is 240,000 square feet. You are utilizing only 38,000 square feet, which means, from a zoning standpoint at least, you are under-utilizing your parcel to the extent of 202,000 square feet.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><em>Making Money from Thin Air</em></h3>
<p>Suppose you were able to reconfigure your proposed project to free up 1000 to 1200 square feet per floor in return for recovering half (or more) of your total land cost.</p>
<p>If this were possible, your restaurant/banquet/entertainment complex may be reduced in size to 36,000 square feet instead of 38,000 square feet, but your development cost for the project would be reduced $2,000,000 or more. Almost free money.</p>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><em>How could this work? </em></h4>
<p><strong><em>Scenario No. 1</em></strong>: With the hypothetical facts presented, it is certainly within the realm of possibilities to market and sell the “air space” above your proposed restaurant-banquet-entertainment complex for development of offices and/or condominiums. As mentioned, under the applicable zoning classification, 202,000 square feet remains available for development on your site. Assume prevailing land values of $225 per square foot (represented by your purchase price of $4,500,000 for a 20,000 square foot parcel), a condominium/office developer may well view your “air space parcel” as a bargain at $2,000,000 ($100 per square foot – measured in two dimensions for 20,000 square feet) since it would still enable construction of 202,000 square feet of floor area above the second floor.</p>
<p>Obviously, to make the “air space” usable, adequate means of access and support must be planned, which will require detailed planning for design and construction of both the ground level parcel and the “air space” parcel (which do not necessarily need to be constructed at the same time, although simultaneous construction may be more efficient and practical) and creation of legally sufficient easements of support, and easements for ingress and egress, utilities, loading and unloading, mail delivery, a street level lobby, elevators, standpipes, etc., as well as drafting of development specific covenants running with the land to promote non-interference and compatibility of use of each parcel. The necessity for easements of support, and easements (or conveyance of fee parcels) for a street level lobby, mail delivery areas, and loading and unloading areas, is the reason slight reduction in size of the proposed restaurant/banquet/entertainment complex is suggested in the premise to Scenario No. 1 – to free up space for these purposes.</p>
<p>While sale of an “air rights parcel” will require added expense for engineering (much of which will likely be undertaken by the proposed developer of the air rights parcel) and attorneys’ fees to negotiate and draft a workable declaration of easements, covenants and restrictions to legally facilitate the development and use of each parcel, the economic advantage of being able to sell the air rights parcel may more than justify the added effort and development expense involved.</p>
<p><em><strong>Scenario No. 2</strong>.</em> Assume the same hypothetical facts as in Scenario No. 1, except that instead of being the owner of the parcel referred to in Scenario No. 1 (the “Entertainment Parcel”), you own or wish to develop a parcel adjacent to the Entertainment Parcel. Perhaps the Entertainment Parcel has already been developed with the restaurant-banquet-entertainment complex referred to in Scenario No. 1. Assume your parcel (the “High Rise Parcel”) is 40,000 square feet with a zoning, classification that allows a floor area ratio (F.A.R.) of 12, and you wish to construct (or to sell your parcel to a developer to construct) a mixed-use development with first floor retail, five floors of office space and six floors of luxury condominiums. Because zoning for the High Rise Parcel allows an F.A.R. of 12, you determine a twelve-story, 480,000 square foot building is the maximum you will be able to construct on your 40,000 square foot lot.</p>
<p>In conducting a financial analysis of your project you determine that the marginal cost of each floor would result in you generating a substantially greater return on your investment if you were able to construct additional floors of office space, condominiums or even multi-level parking in your proposed project on the High Rise Parcel. Still, you are faced with the maximum F.A.R. of 12 for the High Rise Parcel as established by the Chicago Zoning Ordinance.</p>
<p>Is there a solution?</p>
<p>Perhaps. . .</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Maximizing the Development Opportunity</h3>
<p>The Chicago Zoning Ordinance defines a “Zoning Lot” as follows: “<em>A ‘zoning lot or lots’ is a single tract of land located within a single block, which (at the time of filing for a building permit) is designated by its owner or developer as a tract to be used, developed, or built upon as a unit, under single ownership or control.</em>”</p>
<p>Therefore, ‘zoning lot or lots’ may or may not coincide with a lot of record.</p>
<p>One solution is that the owner of the High Rise Parcel might acquire the “air rights” over the Entertainment Parcel (by purchasing from the owner of the Entertainment Parcel, “. . . all of the Entertainment Parcel except that part thereof lying below a horizontal plane located x feet above the Chicago City Datum”) and then designate the Entertainment Parcel as part of the Zoning Lot to be developed and controlled by the developer of the High Rise Parcel. The “Zoning Lot” would then be 60,000 square feet. Because the F.A.R. remains 12, the maximum floor area on the total Zoning Lot is 720,000 square feet.</p>
<p>Because 38,000 square feet has been used (or is to be used) for the restaurant/banquet/entertainment complex, 682,000 square feet remains available for development on the Zoning Lot (being, in effect, the High Rise Parcel). Therefore, instead of being able to construct only a 480,000 square foot project on the High Rise Parcel, if developed alone, the developer would now be able to construct up to an additional 202,000 square feet (for a total of 682,000 square feet) on the High Rise Parcel – or, roughly, 5 additional floors at 40,000 square feet each, because the High Rise Parcel and the Entertainment Parcel, collectively, constitute the “Zoning Lot”. (Note, however, that some zoning districts also have a “maximum height” restriction so, once again, it is critical that you carefully review the applicable zoning ordinance in all particulars.)</p>
<p>* * *</p>
<p>Of course, if the developer does construct 682,000 square feet of floor area on the High Rise Parcel (in addition to the 38,000 square feet constructed on the Entertainment Parcel) under the foregoing Scenario No. 2, all floor area available for development of the combined Zoning Lot pursuant to the zoning ordinance will have been fully utilized. As a result, since the Zoning Lot is fully developed as a whole, no further opportunity exists to expand the square footage of improvements on the Entertainment Parcel. If the restaurant/banquet/entertainment complex fails, or is destroyed or otherwise demolished, the replacement improvements will be limited to a maximum square footage of 38,000 square feet.</p>
<p>To avoid this outcome, parties will sometimes negotiate an “air rights transfer” that raises the elevation of the delimiting horizontal plane and includes an express covenant running with the land that reserves potential floor area to the transferring parcel (in this case, the Entertainment Parcel).</p>
<p>Under Scenario No. 2, the sale of “air rights” is more akin to the sale of “development rights”, but the legal principle is substantially the same as in Scenario No. 1. In each case, a property owner is selling the right to develop “the sky above” while retaining the ground level development parcel.</p>
<p>* * *</p>
<p>“Air rights” are valuable property rights that can be sold, purchased and transferred. Under the right circumstances, “air rights” may represent a substantial untapped resource with great value to those who recognize their potential. Since the transfer of these property rights may not directly impair the owner’s intended use of the surface level property, they are sometimes described as a way to generate “<em>money from thin air</em>“.</p>
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<title>COMMERCIAL LANDLORD-TENANT – Part 2 – The Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-landlord-tenant-part-2-the-covenant-of-quiet-enjoyment/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-landlord-tenant-part-2-the-covenant-of-quiet-enjoyment/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2015 11:00:24 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[This is Part 2 of a multi-part series of articles discussing the duties, rights and remedies of commercial real estate tenants in Illinois. Part 1, entitled “Getting It Right” discussed the importance of clarity in lease drafting, and the potential […]]]></description>
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<figure class="alignleft is-resized"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="199" height="300" data-attachment-id="1145" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/due-diligence-checklists-for-commercial-real-estate-transactions-3/harp-3_17_15-019/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=2848%2C4288" data-orig-size="2848,4288" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"9","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1426589698","copyright":"","focal_length":"52","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.008","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Harp 3_17_15-019" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>R. Kymn Harp<br />
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=199%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=680%2C1024" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300" alt="R. Kymn Harp Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd." class="wp-image-1145" style="width:175px;height:245px" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300 199w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=680%2C1024 680w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?w=2000 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">R. Kymn Harp<br />Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</figcaption></figure></div>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Catherine-Cooke-Shareholder-at-RSP.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" data-attachment-id="1051" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-landlord-tenant-issues-part-1-getting-it-right/catherine-cooke-shareholder-at-rsp/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Catherine-Cooke-Shareholder-at-RSP.jpg?fit=175%2C245" data-orig-size="175,245" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"9","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D7000","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1367319064","copyright":"","focal_length":"98","iso":"125","shutter_speed":"0.008","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Catherine Cooke" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Catherine Cooke<br />
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Catherine-Cooke-Shareholder-at-RSP.jpg?fit=175%2C245" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Catherine-Cooke-Shareholder-at-RSP.jpg?fit=175%2C245" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Catherine-Cooke-Shareholder-at-RSP.jpg?resize=175%2C245" alt="Catherine Cook Shareholder at Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd." class="wp-image-1051"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Catherine A. Cooke<br /> Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</figcaption></figure></div>
<p><em>This is Part 2 of a multi-part series of articles discussing the duties, rights and remedies of commercial real estate tenants in Illinois. <a title="Commercial Landlord-Tenant Issues – PART 1 – Getting it Right" href="http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-landlord-tenant-issues-part-1-getting-it-right/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Part 1, entitled “Getting It Right”</a> discussed the importance of clarity in lease drafting, and the potential for unintended leasehold easements for parking, and other uses.</em></p>
<p><em>In March 2015, the Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education (“IICLE”) published its 2015 Edition practice handbook entitled: Commercial Landlord-Tenant Practice. To provide best-practice guidance to all Illinois attorneys, IICLE recruits experienced attorneys with relevant knowledge to write each handbook chapter. For the 2015 Edition, IICLE asked R. Kymn Harp and Catherine A. Cooke to write the chapter entitled Tenant’s Duties, Rights and Remedies. We were, of course, pleased to oblige. Although each of us represent commercial landlords at least as often as we represent commercial tenants, a clear understanding of the duties, rights and remedies of commercial real estate tenants is critical when representing either side of the commercial lease transaction. </em></p>
<p><em>The following is an excerpt (slightly edited) from our chapter in the 2015 Edition. We hope you find this excerpt, and the excerpts that will follow, informative and useful. Feel free to contact IICLE directly to purchase the entire volume.</em></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">The COVENANT OF QUIET ENJOYMENT </span><br /><span style="color: #1897ab;">What Is It? — General Principles</span></h2>
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<p>It has long been the law in Illinois that a covenant of quite enjoyment is implied in all lease agreements. <em>Blue Cross Ass’n v. 666 N. Lake Shore Drive Associates</em>, 100 Ill.App.3d 647, 427 N.E.2d 270, 273, 56 Ill.Dec. 290 (1st Dist. 1981); <em>64 East Walton, Inc. v. Chicago Title & Trust Co</em>., 69 Ill.App.3d 635, 387 N.E.2d 751, 755, 25 Ill.Dec. 875 (1st Dist. 1979); <em>Berrington v. Casey</em>, 78 Ill. 317, 319 (1875); <em>Wade v. Halligan</em>, 16 Ill. 507, 511 (1855).</p>
<p>A covenant of quiet enjoyment “promises that the tenant shall enjoy the possession of the premises in peace and without disturbance.” [Emphasis in original.] <em>Checkers, Simon & Rosner v. Lurie Co</em>., No. 87 C 5405, 1987 WL 18930 at *3 (N.D.Ill. Oct. 20, 1987). This does not mean, however, that no breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment may be found in a leasehold without a finding that the lessor intended to deprive the lessee of possession. <em>Blue Cross Ass’n, supra</em>, 427 N.E.2d at 27. It simply means that a tenant must actually be in possession of the premises to claim a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. If the tenant has already vacated the premises before the disturbance has commenced, no breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment occurs. <em>Checkers, Simon & Rosner, supra</em>, 1987 WL 18930 at *3.</p>
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<p>An implied covenant of quiet enjoyment includes, “absent a lease clause to the contrary, the right to be free of the lessors’ intentional interference with full enjoyment and use of the leased premises.” <em>Infinity Broadcasting Corporation of Illinois v. Prudential Insurance Company of America</em>, No. 86 C 4207, 1987 WL 6624 at *5 (N.D.Ill. Feb. 9, 1987), aff’d, 869 F.2d 1073 (7th Cir. 1989), quoting <em>American Dairy Queen Corp. v. Brown-Port Co</em>., 621 F.2d 255, 258 (7th Cir. 1980).</p>
<p>If the landlord breaches the covenant of quiet enjoyment, the lessee may remain in possession and claim damages for breach of lease. In such case, the measure of damages is the difference between the rental value of the premises in light of the breached covenant of quiet enjoyment and the rent that the tenant agreed to pay under the lease, together with such special damages as may have been directly and necessarily incurred by the tenant in consequence of the landlord’s wrongful act. <em>64 East Walton, supra</em>, 387 N.E.2d at 755.</p>
<p>Although Illinois cases defining the precise scope of a covenant of quiet enjoyment are rare, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, pp. 1248 – 1249 (6th ed. 1993) defines “quiet enjoyment” in connection with the landlord-tenant relationship as “the tenant’s right to freedom from serious interferences with his or her tenancy. <em>Manzaro v. McCann</em>, 401 Mass. 880, 519 N.E.2d 1337, 1341. (Ringing for more than one day of smoke alarms in an apartment building could be sufficient interference with the tenants’ quite enjoyment of leased premises to justify relief against the landlord.).”</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">HOW THE COVENANT OF QUIET ENJOYMENT MAY APPLY— CASE LAW</span></h2>
<p>In <em>Blue Cross Ass’n v. 666 N. Lake Shore Drive Associates</em>, 100 Ill.App.3d 647, 427 N.E.2d 270, 273, 56 Ill.Dec. 290 (1st Dist. 1981), the First District Appellate Court discussed the covenant of quiet enjoyment in the lease as granting the tenant a right of quiet and peaceful possession and enjoyment of the whole premises and equated a breach of quiet enjoyment under a lease to a private nuisance. “A private nuisance in a leasehold situation is ‘an individual wrong arising from an unreasonable, unwarranted or unlawful use of one’s property producing such material annoyance, inconvenience, discomfort, or hurt that the law will presume a consequent damage.’ ” Id., quoting <em>Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. LaSalle National Bank</em>, 77 Ill.App.3d 478, 395 N.E.2d 1193, 1198, 32 Ill.Dec. 812 (1st Dist. 1979).</p>
<p>The tenant had entered into a five-year lease on August 22, 1978, with a five-year renewal option, for approximately 53,000 square feet of the </p>
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<p>15th floor of the building located at 666 North Lake Shore Drive in Chicago. The lease stated that the premises were to be used for computer installation and general office space, and the tenant expended in excess of $2,000,000 in leasehold improvements, installed approximately $6,000,000 in computer equipment, and was fully operational in August 1980.</p>
<p>In April 1979, the building was purchased by a new owner for the purpose of converting it to a mixed-use residential, commercial, and office facility. In August 1979, the new owner advised the tenant that the renovation program required alternations in the plaintiff’s leasehold in the form of physical penetrations for installation of plumbing, ventilation, and electrical risers to service the condominium and office areas on floors above and below the tenant’s leased premises. The tenant refused to permit penetrations into the plaintiff’s leased space. Notwithstanding the tenant’s refusal, the landlord proceeded with construction and penetrated the tenant’s space for installation of the risers in accordance with the landlord’s renovation plans. The tenant sued to obtain a preliminary injunction, but the trial court declined to issue injunctive relief. The tenant appealed.</p>
<p>On appeal, the appellate court reversed the trial court, stating: “Paragraph 42A of the lease expressly grants (tenant) the right of quiet and peaceful possession and enjoyment. The meaning of this clause is not controverted. (Tenant) had a right to seek injunctive relief for its breach when the conduct of (landlord) substantially interfered with (tenants’) use and enjoyment of the premises.” 427 N.E.2d at 273.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">PRIVATE NUISANCE DISTINGUISHED</span></h2>
<p>Similar to breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment is the tort of maintaining a nuisance. In <em>Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. LaSalle National Bank</em>, 77 Ill.App.3d 478, 395 N.E.2d 1193, 1198, 32 Ill.Dec. 81 (1st Dist. 1979), the First District Appellate Court stated:</p>
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<p>A private nuisance is a nontrespassory invasion of another’s interest in the private use and enjoyment of land. . . . It is an individual wrong arising from an unreasonable, unwarranted or unlawful use of one’s property producing such material annoyance, inconvenience, discomfort, or hurt that the law will presume consequent damage. . . . What is an unreasonable use of one’s property under the circumstances, is determined by weighing the following factors:</p>
<p>(a) The extent of the harm involved;</p>
<p>(b) the character of the harm involved;</p>
<p>(c) the social value that the law attaches to the type of use or enjoyment invaded;</p>
<p>(d) the suitability of the particular use or enjoyment invaded to the character of the locality; and</p>
<p>(e) the burden on the person harmed or avoiding the harm.</p>
<p>. . . The weight that each factor is accorded is relative to the circumstances of the case.” [Citations omitted.]
</blockquote>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">SCOPE OF INVASION</span></h2>
<p>Although <em>Blue Cross Ass’n, supra</em>, involved a physical invasion of the tenant’s space, physical invasion is not necessarily required. A tenant has a right to the full use and enjoyment of the leased premises without the landlord’s intentional interference, absent a lease clause to the contrary. Infinity Broadcasting, supra. By equating a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment to a private nuisance, the Illinois Appellate Court, in <em>Blue Cross Ass’n, supra</em>, inferred that the breach could be a nontrespassory invasion into the tenant’s leased premises.</p>
<p><span style="color: #1897ab;"><strong>Query:</strong></span> Do the following activities by a landlord constitute a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment, absent an express lease clause permitting these activities, if the activities cause material annoyance, inconvenience, discomfort or hurt to the commercial tenant?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #1897ab;">√</span></strong> Loud construction on adjacent or nearby premises during normal business hours?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #1897ab;">√</span></strong> Prolonged disruption of elevator service or other access to the premises during normal business hours?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #1897ab;">√</span></strong> Failure to maintain working HVAC suitable to the tenant’s commercially reasonable use of the leased premises?</p>
<p><span style="color: #1897ab;"> </span><strong><span style="color: #1897ab;">PRACTICE POINTER</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="color: #1897ab;">A landlord in a multi-tenant building would be wise to include as part of the landlord’s “standard boilerplate” provisions, a modified covenant of quiet enjoyment granting landlord the right to reasonably penetrate the leased premises as necessary, appropriate or convenient to install and maintain plumbing, electrical, telecommunications, fire suppression, HVAC and other components and systems as determined by landlord, in landlord’s sole discretion, to be necessary, useful or convenient to the preparation, use and/or occupancy of other portions of the building, and to conduct construction activities in adjacent or nearby premises, and to temporarily modify the means and/or configuration of access to the premises for safety or convenience, so long as such activities do not unreasonably interfere with commercially reasonable use of the leased premises by tenant for the purposes for which the premises are leased. If the landlord fails to include such a provision, the tenant may have to right to stop landlord’s work.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">LIGHT AND AIR</span></h2>
<p>The covenant of quiet enjoyment does not guarantee a tenant a right to unobstructed light and air. In <em>Keating v. Springer</em>, 146 Ill. 481, 34 N.E. 805, 807 (1893), the Illinois Supreme Court held that “a landlord will not be liable for obstructing his tenant’s windows by building on an adjacent [lot], in the absence of any covenant or agreement in the lease forbidding him to do so.”</p>
<p>Similarly, in <em>Baird v. Hanna</em>, 328 Ill. 436, 159 N.E. 793, 794 (1927), the Illinois Supreme Court held that “the simplest rule, and that best suited to a country like the United States, in which changes are continually taking place in the ownership and in the use of lands, is that no easement of light can be acquired without the express grant of an interest in, or covenant relating to, the lands over which the right is claimed.”</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">TELEVISION AND RADIO SIGNALS</span></h2>
<p>A claimed right to unobstructed transmission of television and radio signals has been held to the same standard and analysis as a claimed right to unobstructed light and air. While not actually a landlord-tenant case, <em>People ex rel. Hoogasian v. Sears, Roebuck & Co</em>., 52 Ill.2d 301, 287 N.E.2d 677 (1972), is instructive in its clarification that claimed easements for television and radio signals will be governed by the same analysis as claimed easements for light and air.</p>
<p>In <em>Hoogasian</em>, certain villages in the Chicago area sued to enjoin Sears from constructing the high-rise office building that became known as “Sears Tower” (now Willis Tower), contending that the tower would distort television reception and depress real estate values, and therefore constitute a nuisance. The Illinois Supreme Court upheld dismissal of the case, determining that the same standard applicable to light and air applies to television and radio signals, and applied the general rule that a landowner has no legal right to the free flow of light and air across the adjoining land of his or her neighbor. See also <em>Infinity Broadcasting Corporation of Illinois v. Prudential Insurance Company of America</em>, No. 86 C 4207, 1987 WL 6624 at *5 (N.D.Ill. Feb. 9, 1987), aff’d, 869 F.2d 1073 (7th Cir. 1989).</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF THE COVENANT OF QUIET ENJOYMENT</span></h2>
<p>In <em>64 East Walton, Inc. v. Chicago Title & Trust Co</em>., 69 Ill.App.3d 635, 387 N.E.2d 751, 25 Ill.Dec. 875 (1st Dist. 1979), the landlord did not contest that there was a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment but did contest the amount of damages awarded. In analyzing the scope of damages a tenant could recover for breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment, the court stated:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>The relevant law, although by no means plentiful, is clear. A covenant of quiet enjoyment is implied in all lease agreements. . . . If the lessor breaches the covenant, the lessee may remain in possession and thus be liable for rent but still maintain an action for damages. . . . The measure of damages in such a case is the difference between the rental value of the premises involved and the rent which the lessee has agreed to pay, together with such special damages as may have directly and necessarily occasioned to the lessee by the lessor’s wrongful act. . . . Thus, we must examine the wrongful acts of defendant and determine whether they directly and necessarily occasioned the damages awarded, keeping in mind that a trial court’s assessment of damages will be set aside only if it is manifestly erroneous. (Citations omitted.) 387 N.E.2d at 755.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong><span style="color: #1897ab;">PRACTICE POINTER</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="color: #1897ab;">Generally speaking, a breach of a covenant of quiet enjoyment is a breach of a contractual covenant contained (or implied) in a lease, constituting a cause of action against a landlord. If the “material annoyance, inconvenience, discomfort, or hurt” is caused by a nearby property owner or cotenant, the proper cause of action against such adjacent property owner or cotenant is likely “maintaining a private nuisance” rather than a breach of any covenant of quiet enjoyment, since, under those circumstances, there is no privity of contract through which a “covenant” of any sort might arise.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">LESSON LEARNED</span></h2>
<p>The covenant of quiet enjoyment, while implied in all leases, is a covenant often expressly stated in the so-called “standard boilerplate” provisions of a commercial lease. As a contract covenant, it can be modified and adapted to the needs of the landlord and tenant by appropriate and careful drafting. Had the landlord in Blue Cross Ass’n, supra, included in the lease appropriate language granting it the right to enter upon and penetrate the tenant’s space for the purpose of installing plumbing, ventilation and electrical risers as determined by landlord to be reasonably necessary for the build-out and use of other portions of the building, no breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment would have likely occurred. As noted by the court, a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment requires an intentional interference with a tenant’s full enjoyment and use of the leased premises which interference is unreasonable, unwarranted or unlawful. If the lease had included a suitable clause or provision expressly permitting the landlord to penetrate a portion of the leased space to install plumbing, ventilation, electrical risers and other systems to serve other portions of the building, no breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment would have occurred.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;">AUTHOR’S NOTE</span></h2>
<p>If you are a property owner/developer planning to reconfigure a multi-tenant commercial property, or planning an adaptive reuse of commercial property encumbered with existing leases, proper due diligence requires a close examination of existing leases to confirm your rights to implement your development plan. If there is a risk of violating the covenant of quiet enjoyment, a strategy to mitigate that risk should be developed as part of the overall development plan. Otherwise, you may find yourself unable to proceed with your development plan, as existing commercial tenants enjoin implementation to your potential extreme financial detriment.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Thanks for listening,</em><br /><em>R. Kymn Harp and Catherine A. Cooke</em></p>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="color: #1897ab;"><em>COMING UP . . .</em></span></h3>
<p>In Part 3 of this series, we will discuss <span style="color: #1897ab;"><em><strong>Constructive Eviction</strong></em></span>—including the rights and remedies available to a commercial tenant who is constructively evicted by its landlord.</p>
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<title>Illinois LLCs – The Asset Protection Advantage</title>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2015 21:29:21 +0000</pubDate>
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<description><![CDATA[Illinois LLCs – The Asset Protection Advantage A Technical Analysis Among sophisticated investors and other high-asset/high-net worth individuals and businesses, the topic of “asset protection” is bound to arise. As many became painfully aware during the recent Great Recession, bad […]]]></description>
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<h1 class="wp-block-heading">Illinois LLCs – The Asset Protection Advantage</h1>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A Technical Analysis</h2>
<p>Among sophisticated investors and other high-asset/high-net worth individuals and businesses, the topic of “<em>asset protection</em>” is bound to arise. As many became painfully aware during the recent <em>Great Recession</em>, bad things can happen to good people. In my article <a title="Asset Protection – Lessons Learned" href="http://harp-onthis.com/asset-protection-lessons-learned/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Asset Protection – Lessons Learned</em></a>, I discussed how properly structuring one’s holdings could have prevented, or at least mitigated, much of the financial devastation and anguish experienced by business owners, investors, real estate developers, doctors and others caught off-guard by the drastic economic collapse of 2007-2010.</p>
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<p>Often, there is confusion about what the term <em>asset protection</em> really means. Some imagine a shadowy network of off-shore trusts and secret bank accounts in foreign lands set up by unscrupulous characters to cheat innocent creditors. This is simply not true. In this article I will not debate the claimed pros and cons of secret bank accounts and so-called <em>off-shore asset protection trusts</em>. I will say, however, that under most circumstances, they don’t work for U.S. citizens residing in the U.S.A.</p>
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<p>Legitimate asset protection is nothing more or less than properly ordering one’s business and financial affairs in a way that does not unnecessarily expose all assets to claims of creditors.</p>
<p>The right of persons and businesses to limit their liability and exposure of their assets to claims of creditors is the well settled in the U.S.A. The United States of America, and each individual state, has a plethora of laws authorizing and recognizing the legitimacy of corporations and other limited liability entities as a means by which an investor can segregate assets and limit exposure to liability.</p>
<p>No person has a legal or moral obligation to structure his or her affairs in a way that makes it easy for a creditor of one business or professional enterprise to attach assets of the investor not committed to that enterprise. This protection may be impinged if the person or business engages in conduct tantamount to fraud, but actions explicitly authorized by applicable statute can hardly be characterized as being fraudulent. Fraud is an intentional tort requiring, among other elements, intentional breach of a duty owed to the person claimed to be harmed. If a statute expressly authorizes conduct, it implicitly, if not explicitly, negates any duty to act in a manner contrary to that authorized by the statute.</p>
<p>This article presents a technical analysis of certain asset protection attributes of an Illinois limited liability company expressly authorized by the Illinois Limited Liability Company Act, 805 ILCS 180/1-1 <em>et seq</em> (the “Illinois LLC Act”). The remarkably robust asset protection value of an Illinois limited liability company is measured by two key attributes:</p>
<p>1. The ability, expressly authorized by the Illinois LLC Act, to include in an LLC operating agreement provisions that protect the limited liability company and its business and assets from claims owed to others by members of the LLC – an attribute that creates a huge advantage vs. a corporation, as discussed in Part I, below; and</p>
<p>2. Enhanced protection of Members and Managers from liability for debts, contracts and torts incurred by the LLC, or resulting from acts or omissions of a Member or Manager while acting on behalf of the LLC, to an extent measurably greater than the protection afforded officers, directors and shareholders of a corporation.</p>
<p>Although one might reasonably expect that the order in which these key attributes are discussed would be reversed, the Part I discussion precedes the Part II discussion because the matters to be discussed in Part I are best considered at the outset, when the operating agreement is being drafted; while the matters discussed in Part II will most directly apply later, once a judgment creditor is seeking to enforce its judgment.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PART I</span>: Key Statutory Provisions to Consider When Drafting the Operating Agreement</h3>
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<p>A limited liability company is typically governed by two main sources of governing authority. First and foremost, the enabling statute which authorizes the creation of a limited liability company and establishes its legal characteristics. Second, the organizational documents, including, in Illinois, the Articles of Organization, and an internal document governing the limited liability company’s ownership and management, known as an “operating agreement”.</p>
<p>To gain the full asset protection value afforded to an Illinois limited liability company, it is necessary to pay close attention to the powers expressly authorized by the Illinois LLC Act, and to strategically draft the operating agreement in a manner that utilizes those asset protection benefits expressly permitted by the Illinois LLC Act.</p>
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<h4 class="wp-block-heading"> </h4>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading">A. Key Sections to Consider.</h4>
<p>Seven sections of the Illinois LLC Act are of particular interest in terms of asset protection when drafting the operating agreement. A brief summary of these sections as they pertain to this discussion is as follows:</p>
<p><strong>805 ILCS 180/15-15</strong>. The factors a manager may take into consideration in discharging its duties as manager of the LLC are set forth in this section.</p>
<p><strong>805 ILCS 180/30-1</strong>. A member of an LLC is not a co-owner of the LLC’s property and has no transferable interest in the LLC’s property. The economic interest a member owns is called a “distributional interest,” which entitles the holder thereof to receive its share of any distributions made by the LLC.</p>
<p><strong>805 ILCS 180/30-5</strong>. A transfer of a distributional interest does not entitle the holder thereof to become or exercise any rights of a member. A transfer entitles the transferee to receive, to the extent transferred, only the distributions to which the transferor would be entitled.</p>
<p><strong>805 ILCS 180/30-10</strong>. A transferee may become a member only as permitted in accordance with the terms of the LLC operating agreement. A transferee who does not become a member is not entitled to participate in the management or conduct of the LLC’s business, and may not require access to information concerning LLC transactions, or inspect or copy any LLC records.</p>
<p><strong>805 ILCS 180/30-20</strong>. Sets forth the exclusive means by which a judgment creditor of a member or transferee may satisfy a judgment out of the judgment debtor’s distributional interest in an LLC.</p>
<p><strong>805 ILCS 180/35-1</strong>. On application of a transferee, asserting equitable grounds for dissolution, an LLC may be dissolved only upon a judicial determination that it is equitable to wind up the LLC’s business.</p>
<p><strong>805 ILCS 180/35-3</strong>. An operating agreement or the articles of organization may provide a means by which a new member can spring into existence, effective as of the date the last remaining member of the LLC becomes dissociated.</p>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading">B. The Asset Protection Advantage of Illinois LLCs vs. Corporations, Generally:</h4>
<p>As a general proposition, a judgment creditor with a judgment against a corporate shareholder can attach that shareholder’s shares to satisfy the judgment. After attachment, the judgment creditor becomes the owner of the shares, with the right to vote those shares (assuming they are voting shares) on matters calling for shareholder action, including election of the board of directors, sale of assets, etc. Some protection against this outcome can be gained by means of a shareholders’ agreement that restricts transferability of shares. If there is a single shareholder, however, or if a judgment is entered against all of the shareholders, the protection afforded by a shareholder agreement may be unavailable.</p>
<p>Under the Illinois LLC Act, the rights and remedies of a judgment creditor are substantially limited.</p>
<p>Section 30-20 of the Illinois LLC Act sets forth the exclusive remedy by which a judgment creditor of an LLC member or a member’s transferee may satisfy a judgment vis-à-vis the judgment debtor’s distributional interest in an LLC. The Illinois appellate court has confirmed the enforcement regime provided in §30-20. <em>Bank of America, N.A. v. Freed</em>, 2012 IL App (1st) 110749, ¶¶37 – 42, 983 N.E.2d 509.</p>
<p>Pursuant to §30-20 of the Illinois LLC Act:</p>
<p>A court may impose a charging order on the distributional interest of the judgment debtor. 805 ILCS 180/30-20(a).</p>
<p>A charging order creates a lien on the judgment debtor’s distributional interest. 805 ILCS 180/30-20(b).</p>
<p>A court may order foreclosure of the lien at any time, but the purchaser at the foreclosure sale has only the rights of a transferee. Id.</p>
<p>Section 30-10 of the Illinois LLC Act sets forth the scope of rights of a transferee. Unless provided otherwise in the operating agreement, the transferee does not become a member of the LLC and therefore has no right to participate in management or to conduct the LLC’s business, no right to require access to information concerning LLC transactions, and no right to inspect or copy LLC records. 805 ILCS 180/30-10(d).</p>
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<h5 class="wp-block-heading">PRACTICE NOTE:</h5>
<p>Relative to a manager-managed LLC, case law confirms that the right to manage the LLC is not a property interest that can be transferred. <em>Grochocinski v. Campbell (In re Campbell)</em>, 475 B.R. 622 (Bankr. N.D.Ill. 2012). In a gratuitous comment (see 475 B.R. at 631 n.6), however, the Campbell court suggested that the result would be different if the LLC were to be member-managed. The footnote is dicta — and, while arguably a correct interpretation of Section 541(c)-1 of the Bankruptcy Code, is likely incorrect outside a bankruptcy setting, based on the express language of the Illinois LLC Act. Prudence suggests, however, that for asset protection purposes, a manager-managed LLC is preferable.</p>
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<h4 class="wp-block-heading">C. The Charging Order</h4>
<p>In a typical case, the operating agreement may very likely grant the manager of a manager-managed limited liability company the authority and discretion to determine if and when distributions will be made to interest holders. If the judgment creditor is holding only a charging order lien against the distributional interest of a member, the judgment creditor will receive nothing if no distributions are made.</p>
<p>At first glance it may appear that foreclosing on a distributional interest and acquiring the rights of the judgment debtor in the distributional interest is the logical next step if the judgment is not being satisfied pursuant to a charging order entered in accordance with 805 ILCS 180/30-20(a). It should be noted, however, that foreclosing on the charging order lien and becoming the actual owner of the distributional interest is not without risk to the judgment creditor.</p>
<p>LLCs are, with rare exceptions, taxed as partnerships, with all profits and losses passed through to the owners of distributional interests (whether they own that interest as a member or as merely a transferee). As many partners in partnerships, including many partners in law firm partnerships, are painfully aware, this attribute of partnership taxation can result in dreaded “phantom income”; that is, partnership-level income that is taxable to the partner even though no cash is distributed to the partner. This same rule of pass-through tax liability applies to virtually all LLCs. (The exception being the rare case in which an LLC makes an IRS election to be taxed as a “C” corporation.)</p>
<p>As long as a judgment creditor has only a charging order lien imposed under §30-20, the judgment creditor is merely a lienholder, not an owner of the distributional interest. Accordingly, the tax consequences of phantom income inure to the judgment debtor, who remains the owner of the distributional interest. If, however, a judgment creditor forecloses on the lien created by the charging order, as permitted under §30-20(b), the purchaser at the foreclosure sale becomes the owner of the distributional interest, with all the attendant tax consequences that flow with that ownership. If taxable profits are allocated to the distributional interest holder, but no cash distribution is actually made, the judgment creditor, as owner of the foreclosed-on distributional interest, is liable to pay taxes on the allocated profit. As a consequence, the judgment creditor may conceivably find itself in a worse financial circumstance than existed before foreclosure of its charging order lien.</p>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading">D. Authority of Manager To Withhold Distributions</h4>
<p>If the manager of a manager-managed limited liability company elects to not distribute profits, the owner of the distributional interest is exposed to the risk of incurring tax liabilities as a consequence of phantom income. For this reason, some operating agreements require distribution of available cash flow in amounts necessary cover the potential tax liability of the LLC’s members and distributional interest holders. Experience suggests this may be the exception rather than the rule.</p>
<p>Some may question whether a manager has the right, in the faithful discharge of the manager’s fiduciary duties, to withhold distributions to interest holders if cash is available. To find support, they may point to §15-3(g) of the Illinois LLC Act, through incorporation of §15-3(d), which provides that in the exercise of its duty of care to the LLC and its members, an LLC manager must exercise any rights arising under the Illinois LLC Act or under the operating agreement consistent with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing. 805 ILCS 180/15-3.</p>
<p>As negotiating leverage, they may also note that §35-1(5) of the Illinois LLC Act provides that:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>“[o]n application by a transferee of a member’s interest, a judicial determination [may be made] that it is equitable to wind up the company’s business.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>. . . arguing that the claimed breach of the manager’s fiduciary duty to distribute available income creates a circumstance that would make it equitable to wind up the company’s business.</p>
<p>Consider, however, §15-15, which provides:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>“In discharging the duties of their respective positions, members and individual managers may, in considering the best long term and short term interests of the limited liability company, consider the effects of any action (including without limitation, action that may involve or relate to a change or potential change in control of the limited liability company) upon employees, suppliers, and customers of the limited liability company or its subsidiaries, communities in which offices or other establishments of the limited liability company or its subsidiaries are located, and all other pertinent factors.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>If an LLC manager can make a plausible case that it is in the best long-term or short-term interests of the LLC to build cash reserves for reinvestment in the company to grow its business or to fund capital improvements, such case may likely serve as reasonable justification for a manager’s decision to withhold distributions of cash flow to interest holders in the faithful discharge of its duties — notwithstanding that interest holders may incur phantom income tax liability.</p>
<p>If the case can be made that the manager is acting within the scope of its authority under the operating agreement and discharging its duties in accordance with the statutory standard established by §15-15, a powerful argument would likely exist that it would be an abuse of the court’s discretion to determine that the manager’s exercise of such expressly granted authority creates an equitable ground to wind up the LLC’s business under §35-1(5).</p>
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<h5 class="wp-block-heading">PRACTICE NOTE</h5>
<p>If an LLC member is subject to claims of creditors that may mature into a charging order, consider whether an LLC operating agreement that does not grant a manager full discretion to determine whether to make distributions may be amended to grant the manager full discretion.<em> Query:</em> Does such an amendment constitute a fraudulent transfer within the meaning of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA), 740 ILCS 160/1, <em>et seq.</em>? Can a fraudulent transfer ever occur when there has been no transfer or encumbrance of an asset? If the ability to be a manager is not a property interest in a manager-managed LLC (see <em>Grochocinski v. Campbell (In re Campbell)</em>, 475 B.R. 622 (Bankr. N.D.Ill. 2012)), can amending the scope of the manager’s authority constitute the transfer or encumbrance of an asset or property interest within the meaning of the UFTA?</p>
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<h4 class="wp-block-heading">E. The Springing Member</h4>
<p>The foregoing argument notwithstanding, if the judgment debtor were to be the sole member of a manager-managed limited liability company, with the result that upon foreclosure of the charging lien under 805 ILCS 180/30-20 the judgment creditor became the sole economic interest holder as owner of 100 percent of the distributional interest, a compelling case might be made that equity requires the business of the LLC to be wound up if requested by such 100% owner.</p>
<p>But what if, after foreclosure of the charging order on 100 percent of the distributional interest of the judgment debtor, the judgment creditor was, in fact, still not the owner of 100 percent of distributional interests in the LLC? What if, as of the time the foreclosure and transfer occurred, there was another distributional interest holder — which was, in fact, the sole member? Might that make a difference in the court’s determination that it is equitable to wind up the LLC’s business?</p>
<p>Based on the hypothetical facts we have been examining (i.e., foreclosure of 100 percent of the distributional interest held by all LLC members), how could this factual twist ever come into play?</p>
<p><em>Here’s how:</em></p>
<p>Consider §35-3(c)(2) of the Illinois LLC Act, which permits the articles of organization or operating agreement to provide for a new member to, essentially, spring into existence effective as of the dissociation of the last remaining member. (Transfer of all of a member’s distributional interest is an act of dissociation. See 805 ILCS 180/35-45(3).)</p>
<p>Suppose the operating agreement provides that within six months after dissociation of the last remaining member, the manager has the right to cause the LLC to issue, say, a one-percent distributional interest in the LLC to the manager, upon contribution by the manager to the LLC of an amount equal to one percent of the aggregate balance of all capital accounts, and that upon such occurrence the manager shall be admitted as a member? Upon being admitted as a member owning a one-percent distributional interest, the manager would be the sole member, with the ability to give unanimous approval to all actions requiring approval of the members. Might that make a compelling case that the LLC remains as a fully functioning entity capable of carrying out its business purpose? Consider, particularly, if the LLC operates a business as a going concern, with employees, vendors, and community stakeholders who benefit from the LLC’s continued existence and operation. Is it likely a court will find equitable grounds to order that the business of the LLC be wound up?</p>
<p>Obviously, each case must be judged on its own merits. But once again, from the standpoint of negotiating on behalf of a judgment debtor, plausible arguments well-grounded in fact and warranted by existing law that can create doubt in the mind of a judgment creditor as to the likely success of its enforcement efforts are valuable tools in reaching a favorable settlement.</p>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IMG_01561.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="84" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/illinois-llcs-the-asset-protection-advantage/img_0156-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IMG_01561.jpg?fit=537%2C720" data-orig-size="537,720" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"2.8","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 4","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1310642963","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.85","iso":"80","shutter_speed":"0.00149925037481","title":""}" data-image-title="IMG_0156" data-image-description="<p>RKH iPhone photo – Chicago – from USFDLG offices</p>
" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IMG_01561.jpg?fit=223%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IMG_01561.jpg?fit=537%2C720" class=" size-medium wp-image-84 alignright" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IMG_01561.jpg?resize=223%2C300" alt="IMG_0156" width="223" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IMG_01561.jpg?resize=223%2C300 223w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IMG_01561.jpg?w=537 537w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 223px) 100vw, 223px" /></a>F. How Do These LLC Provisions Aid a Commercial Real Estate Borrower?</h4>
<p>Narrowly speaking, one might wonder how everything discussed above helps in the typical commercial loan scenario in which the limited liability company is the borrower, with direct liability, and the LLC members are guarantors, also with direct liability. If the LLC members have a single project with a single loan from a single lender, the point is well taken. The lender does not need to go through the members to get to the LLC’s income and assets. It can simply enforce its judgment against the LLC, while simultaneously, if it so chooses, also pursuing the guarantor members.</p>
<p>But what if the guarantor members are active real estate investors/developers (or other investors/professionals) who don’t have just one project (or business) through one LLC and one lender, but rather have two or more projects (or businesses) through two or more separate LLCs with loans from two or more separate lenders?</p>
<p><em>EXAMPLE</em>: Consider this fact scenario:</p>
<p>Project A is owned by LLC A and financed by Lender A for $5,000,000 (Loan A).</p>
<p>Project B is owned by LLC B and financed by Lender B for $8,000,000 (Loan B).</p>
<p>The members of LLC A are X and Y, who jointly and severally guaranty Loan A.</p>
<p>The members of LLC B are X and Z, who jointly and severally guaranty Loan B.</p>
<p>LLC A and LLC B are each manager-managed LLCs, in each case managed by XYZ Management LLC, which is owned by X, Y, and Z as equal members. XYZ Management LLC is not a member of either LLC A or LLC B. XYZ Management LLC is jointly managed by X, Y, and Z.</p>
<p>Project B is doing well and has equity of $7,000,000, with annual net cash flow after debt service of $650,000, with taxable profits after depreciation of $600,000.</p>
<p>Project A is in default and facing a $3,000,000 deficiency after sale of the collateral, resulting in a personal judgment in favor of Lender A against members X and Y on their personal guaranties.</p>
<p>Assume X and Y have no other attachable assets.</p>
<p>Applying the asset protection-friendly provision of the Illinois LLC Act, (coupled with a thoughtfully structured operating agreement) what may be the likely outcome of Lender A’s efforts to enforce its judgments?</p>
<p>Lender A obtains a $5,000,000 judgment against LLC A and pursues members X and Y on their personal guaranties. After disposing of the collateral owned by LLC A for $2,000,000, Lender A obtains a $3,000,000 joint and several judgment against members X and Y on their personal guaranties.</p>
<p>Through a citation to discover assets or otherwise, Lender A learns that X is a 50-percent member of LLC B, which has net equity of $7,000,000. Lender A also learns that X and Y are members of XYZ Management LLC, each owning 33.3 percent of that LLC.</p>
<p>Lender A wishes to satisfy its $3,000,000 judgment by attaching the 50-percent membership interest of X in LLC B.</p>
<p>Pursuant to §30-20 of the Illinois LLC Act, 805 ILCS 180/30-20, Lender A’s exclusive remedy relative to the LLC interest of member X is to obtain a charging order, which is a lien against distributions payable to X. With LLC B having net cash flow after debt service of $650,000 per year, the most Lender B expects to receive is $325,000 per year, based on the 50-percent membership interest of X.</p>
<p>In fact, XYZ Management LLC (the manager of LLC A) decides to reserve $650,000 per year for capital repairs and improvements and as a reserve against possible tenant vacancies and other contingencies. XYZ Management LLC elects not to make any distributions to members. As a consequence, pursuant to Lender A’s charging order, Lender A gets nothing, because X is not entitled to receive any distributions from LLC B on its distributional interest.</p>
<p>Lender A is unhappy. Lender A contemplates foreclosing its lien on the distributional interest of X pursuant to §30-20(b). If it does so, Lender A will become the owner of the 50-percent distributional interest of X in LLC B and will be subject to taxable phantom income of $300,000 per year (50 percent of the hypothetical $600,000 per year in taxable income) as the owner of a 50-percent distributional interest. Instead of being better off, Lender A may be worse off, having incurred a substantial income tax liability.</p>
<p>As an alternative, Lender A decides to try to force a liquidation of LLC B, so that it will receive 50 percent of the hypothetical $7,000,000 in equity in the project owned and operated by LLC B. To do this, Lender A decides to pursue the interests of X and Y in XYZ Management LLC. Since X and Y each owns 33.3 percent of XYZ Management LLC, Lender A assumes it can take control of XYZ Management LLC by obtaining a charging order on the interests of X and Y in XYZ Management LLC and then acquiring 66.6 percent via foreclosure of its charging order lien pursuant to §30-20(b).</p>
<p>Lender A contemplates that by acquiring the ownership interests of two out of three members of XYZ Management LLC, including the interests of two out three of its managers, Lender A will control XYZ Management LLC and, through that control, will be the manager of LLC B and can direct a sale or liquidation of LLC B’s assets.</p>
<p>Unfortunately for Lender A, it discovers that by foreclosing on the interests of X and Y in XYZ Management LLC, Lender A acquires, pursuant to §30-20(b), only the interests of a transferee, with no right to vote as a member and no right to participate in management of XYZ Management LLC per §30-10(d). Therefore, Lender A still has no management authority with respect to LLC B.</p>
<p>Query: Based on the foregoing hypothetical facts and likely outcome of its enforcement efforts, might the lender be willing to consider settlement with X and Y for less than full payment?</p>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading">G. What Is the Defaulted Borrower’s Exit Strategy?</h4>
<p>Asset protection can be more an “art” than a science. There is no magic formula for success in protecting the assets and income of commercial real estate borrowers when a loan goes bad, but there are effective strategies that can help facilitate settlement upon favorable terms that may avoid catastrophic financial ruin.</p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="206" height="300" data-attachment-id="518" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/the-little-known-two-year-rule-for-employment-restrictive-covenants-illinois/httpwww-dreamstime-comstock-photo-confused-business-man-thinking-wich-way-to-go-image28551060/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg?fit=1437%2C2087" data-orig-size="1437,2087" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"(c) Feedough | Dreamstime.com","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/stock-photo-confused-business-man-thinking-wich-way-to-go-image28551060"}" data-image-title="http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-confused-business-man-thinking-wich-way-to-go-image28551060" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg?fit=206%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg?fit=705%2C1024" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg?resize=206%2C300" alt="http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-confused-business-man-thinking-wich-way-to-go-image28551060" class="wp-image-518" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg?resize=206%2C300 206w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg?resize=705%2C1024 705w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_28551060.jpg?w=1437 1437w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px" /></a></figure></div>
<p>A principal objective of asset protection — and even most defensive efforts on behalf of a commercial real estate borrower in the event of default on a commercial real estate loan — is typically to motivate the lender to settle on favorable terms. What terms a borrower or guarantor may consider favorable depends on the facts and circumstances of the particular case.</p>
<p>Often, the favorable outcome being sought is a release of the loan guarantors from personal liability on their loan guaranties. This may require the payment of some money by the guarantors, but ideally substantially less that the full exposure on the personal guaranty.</p>
<p>Generally, the lender is seeking to maximize its recovery. If it can recover the entire indebtedness and costs of collection, the lender will seek full recovery. If full recovery becomes doubtful, however, most lenders will settle for an approximation of what the lender reasonably expects it will net through continued forced collection efforts. The lender’s objective of maximizing recovery has been expressly incorporated into financial institution supervisory guidance through the joint financial regulators’ <em>Policy Statement on Prudent Commercial Real Estate Loan Workouts</em>, <a href="http://www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/2009/fil09061a1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.fdic.gov/news/news/financial/2009/fil09061a1.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>Weighing the costs of recovery against the amount of recovery likely to be obtained is a relevant factor for lenders to consider in maximizing their recovery. Money has “time value” as well. The more quickly money is recovered, the more value it has. The fact that a judgment may be accruing interest at nine percent per annum, or that the borrower and its guarantors are liable to pay costs of collection, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, becomes fairly meaningless if the borrower and guarantors have no assets or income from which the lender can readily recover its claim. If the borrower and/or guarantors are properly positioned to borrow funds from friends or family to pay even a modest settlement that is equivalent to, or slightly exceeds, what the lender can readily recover through forced collection efforts, settlement is a plausible outcome.</p>
<p>The more difficult and doubtful collection efforts become, the more likely one may be to obtain favorable settlement terms.</p>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading">H. Timing Consideration for Asset Protection</h4>
<p>Asset protection strategies are most effective when planned far in advance. Transfers of assets into a limited liability company or other asset protection-friendly vehicle can come too late if not completed well in advance of financial difficulties. The statute of limitations for a transfer constituting a fraudulent transfer is four years. 740 ILCS 160/10. Fortunately for most commercial real estate borrowers, Illinois business owners and Illinois licensed professionals, no transfer may be necessary for them to avail themselves of the asset protection advantages of an Illinois LLC since most commercial real estate projects financed in the past several years, and most Illinois based businesses, and many Illinois licensed professions, have been owned from the outset in an Illinois LLC. Creative amendment to an existing operating agreement may be sufficient to increase the level of asset protection.</p>
<p>Planning ahead is the ideal solution — but sometimes you just have to take what the statute gives you. For Illinois LLCs, the Illinois LLC Act actually gives quite a lot.</p>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PART II</span>: Immunity from Liability of Members and Managers</h3>
<p>In Part I of this article, we discussed the key sections of the Illinois LLC Act which protect the LLC, its business, and other members, if any, by limiting recovery <em>vis-à-vis</em> the LLC of a judgment entered against an LLC member.</p>
<p>Of equal or greater value is 805 ILCS 180/10-10, as interpreted and sustained in Dass v. Yale, 2013 IL App (1st) 122520; 3 N.E.3d 858.</p>
<p>A. <strong>805 ILCS 180/10-10</strong> provides, as follows:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>“(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this Section, the debts, obligations and liabilities of a limited liability company, whether arising in contract, tort, or otherwise, are solely the debts, obligations, and liabilities of the company. A member or manager is not personally liable for a debt, obligation, or liability of the company solely by reason of being or acting as a member or manager.</p>
<p>(b) (Blank)</p>
<p>(c) The failure of a limited liability company to observe the usual company formalities or requirements relating to the exercise of company powers or management of its business is not a ground for imposing personal liability on the members of managers for liabilities of the company.</p>
<p>(d) All or specified members of a limited liability company are liable in their capacity as members for all or specified debts, obligations, or liabilities of the company if:</p>
<p>(1) a provision to that effect is contained in the articles of organization; and</p>
<p>(2) a member so liable has consented in writing to the adoption of the provision or to be bound by the provisions.”</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>B. <em>Dass v. Yale</em></strong>, 2013 IL App (1st) 122520; 3 N.E.3d 858, cert. denied.</h4>
<p>In <em>Dass v. Yale</em>, the plaintiff claimed that Yale, the sole managing member of Wolcott LLC, an Illinois limited liability company, defrauded the plaintiff in connection with the sale of a condominium unit by making false representations plaintiff claimed constituted, <em>inter alia</em>, common law fraud. <em>See id</em>., ¶ 2.</p>
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<p>Yale moved to dismiss the claims against him, asserting he was insulated from liability under Section 10-10 of the Illinois LLC Act. The plaintiff objected, claiming the legislature never intended Section 10-10 of the Illinois LLC Act to shield limited liability company members or managers who commit fraud. The trial court disagreed, and sided with defendant Yale, finding that members and managers are immune from liability under Section 10-10 of the Illinois LLC Act and granted Yale’s motion to dismiss. <em>Id.</em> ¶ 3. The plaintiff appealed.</p>
<p>The Appellate Court noted that plaintiff Dass was not asserting a right to pierce the LLC entity veil, using any recognized piercing test (which will be discussed in Part II – C, below), but rather was asserting liability of Yale based, essentially, upon the general notion (as incorporated in the legislative comments to Section 303 of the Uniform Limited Liability Company Act (the “Uniform Act”)) that an agent, even while acting on behalf of a principal, is jointly and severally liable for tortious conduct committed by the agent. Id. ¶¶ 36, 40. Arguing that Section 10-10 of the Illinois LLC Act is substantively similar to Section 303 of the Uniform Act, plaintiff Dass asserted that Yale should be liable for the claimed fraud (or, at least, should have to answer for the claim, rather than be dismissed pursuant to Yale’s motion to dismiss).</p>
<p>The Appellate Court also noted that Section 303 of the Uniform Act and the comments accompanying Section 303 may normally be persuasive authority in interpreting Section 10-10 of the Illinois LLC Act due to similar language used in each, even though neither Section 303 nor the comments are formally a part of the Illinois LLC Act. Id., ¶¶ 40-41.Taking into consideration of the history of the Illinois LLC Act and other cases interpreting the history, however, the Appellate Court determined that the trial court was correct in finding that Yale is shielded from liability. The court stated:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>“Indeed, examining the history of the LLC Act itself demonstrates that the trial court was correct in interpreting section 10-10 to shield Yale from liability. The current language of section 10-10 has been in effect since January 1, 1998. See Pub. Act. 90-0424 (eff. Jan. 1, 1998). Prior to that, section 10-10 read:</p>
<p>(a) A member of a limited liability company shall be personally liable for any act, debt, obligation or liability of the limited liability company or another member or manager to the extent that a shareholder of an Illinois business corporation is liable in an analogous circumstance under Illinois law.</p>
<p>(b) A manager of a limited liability company shall be personally liable for any act, debt, obligation or liability of the limited liability company or another member or manager to the extent that a shareholder of an Illinois business corporation is liable in an analogous circumstance under Illinois law. 805 ILCS 180/10-10 (West 1996).</p>
<p>Generally, a change to the unambiguous language of a statute creates a rebuttable presumption that the amendment was intended to change the law. Here, the language of the LLC Act was changed by removing language explicitly providing for personal liability. As we noted in <em>Puleo,</em> “[a]s we have not found any legislative commentary regarding that amendment, we presume that by removing the noted statutory language, the legislature meant to shield a member or manager of an LLC from personal liability.” <em>Dass</em>, 2013 IL App (1st) 122520, ¶ 41 (internal citations omitted).”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The court also noted that “the express language of section 10-10 (currently) provides that ‘the debts, obligations, and liabilities of a limited liability company, <em>whether arising in contract, tort, or otherwise</em>, are solely the liabilities of the company.’ We see no reason why the reasoning of <em>Puleo</em> and <em>Carollo</em>, which focused on the language of the LLC Act and its amendment, would not apply to a liability arising in tort, as in the case at bar, when such a scenario is expressly contemplated by the language of section 10-10. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ complaint.” <em>Id</em>. ¶ 44 (emphasis in original) (internal citations omitted).</p>
<p>The plaintiff petitioned the Illinois Supreme Court for leave to appeal, which was denied on March 26, 2014. 2014 WL 1385161, 5 N.E.3d 1123 (Ill. Mar. 26, 2014). Thus, the decision stands as the binding law of Illinois.</p>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading">C. Piercing the LLC Entity Veil</h4>
<p>In a footnote, the Appellate Court in <em>Dass v. Yale</em> stated as follows: “We note that <em>Puleo</em> was somewhat limited in <em>Westmeyer v. Flynn</em>, 382 Ill. App. 3d 952, 960, 321 Ill. Dec. 406, 889 N.E.2d 671 (2008), where we found that section 10-10 did not bar actions involving piercing the</p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="199" height="300" data-attachment-id="1145" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/due-diligence-checklists-for-commercial-real-estate-transactions-3/harp-3_17_15-019/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=2848%2C4288" data-orig-size="2848,4288" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"9","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D300","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1426589698","copyright":"","focal_length":"52","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.008","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Harp 3_17_15-019" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>R. Kymn Harp<br />
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=199%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?fit=680%2C1024" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300" alt="R. Kymn Harp Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd." class="wp-image-1145" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=199%2C300 199w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?resize=680%2C1024 680w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Harp-3_17_15-019.jpg?w=2000 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">R. Kymn Harp<br />Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</figcaption></figure></div>
<p>corporate veil. However, in the case at bar, there has been no claim that the corporate veil should be pierced.” <em>Dass</em>, 2013 IL App (1st) 122520, at n. 7.</p>
<p>With that footnote, it is at least appropriate to consider the circumstances under which the entity veil of an Illinois limited liability company might properly be pierced.</p>
<p>With one significant exception, Illinois limited liability companies are subject to the same piercing rules as Illinois corporations. <em>Buckley v. Abuzir</em>, 2014 IL App (1st) 130469; 8 N.E.3d 1166; <em>Denmar Builders, Inc. v. Suhadolnik (In re Suhadolnik)</em>, No. 08-A-7116, 2009 WL 2591338, at *4 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. Aug. 20, 2009).</p>
<p>Illinois courts have developed fairly uniform rules on the subject of veil-piercing. “Courts may pierce the corporate veil, where to corporation is so organized and controlled by another entity that maintaining the fiction of separate entities would sanction fraud or promote injustice. <em>Buckley</em>, 2014 IL App (1st) 130469, ¶ 12. A party seeking to pierce the corporate veil must make a substantial showing that one corporation is a dummy or a sham for another.” <em>Id.; In re Estate of Wallen</em>, 262 Ill. App. 3d 61, 68 (2d Dist. 1994).</p>
<p>Illinois courts will pierce the corporate veil when the following two-part test is satisfied: “(1) where there is such a unity of interest and ownership that the separate personalities of the corporation and the parties who compose it no longer exist; and (2) circumstances are such that adherence to the fiction of a separate corporation would promote injustice or inequitable circumstances. <em>Tower Investors LLC v. 111 East Chestnut Consultants, Inc</em>., 371 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1033-34 (1st Dist. 2007).</p>
<p>The first part of the test generally refers to the failure of the corporation to observe corporate formalities. The second part of the test looks to whether circumstances exist that would effectively sanction fraud if the veil is not pierced.</p>
<p>The first part of the two-part test for veil piercing does not apply to limited liability companies under the Illinois LLC Act, by reason of the express language of 805 ILCS 180/10-10(c), which provides “The failure of a limited liability company to observe the usual company formalities or requirements relating to the exercise of company powers or management of its business is not a ground for imposing personal liability on the members or managers for liabilities of the company.” Id.</p>
<p>Note, however, that “while the Act provides specifically that the failure to observe corporate formalities is not a ground for imposing personal liability on the members of an LLC, it does not bar other bases for corporate veil piercing, such as alter ego, fraud or undercapitalization.” <em>Westmeyer v. Flynn</em>, 382 Ill. App. 3d 952, 960 (1st Dist. 2008); <em>Denmar Builders, Inc.</em>, 2009 WL 2591338, at *4; I<em>n re Polo Builders, Inc.</em>, 388 B.R. 338, 384 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2008).</p>
<p>An in-depth discussion of the overall topic of LLC veil piercing is beyond the scope of this article. Generally speaking, however, it is not as simple as some attorneys seem to think. Under proper circumstances, however, piercing may be allowed.</p>
<p>Enlightening discussions of the topic of veil piercing can be found in cases such as: <em>Judson Atkinson Candies, Inc. v. Latini-Hohberger Dhimantec</em>, 529 F.3d 371 (7th Cir. 2008); <em>Buckley v. Abuzir,</em> 2014 IL App (1st) 130469; and <em>On Command Video v. Roti</em>, 705 F.3d 267 (7th Cir. 2013). As a general proposition, however, merely losing money, failing in business, or depleting available capital through the ordinary course of business operations will not be a sufficient basis to pierce the entity veil to get to the assets of LLC members or managers. A party seeking to pierce the entity veil must make a substantial showing that the entity is a sham or was used to intentionally mislead or defraud in circumstances that would promote injustice. Mere inability of an LLC to satisfy or pay its liabilities, without more, is not enough. See On Command Video, 705 F.3d at 272; <em>In re Estate of Wallen</em>, 262 Ill. App. 3d at 68; Buckley, 2014 IL App (1st) 130469; 8 N.E.3d 1166; and <em>Tower Investors LLC</em>, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 1033-34.</p>
<h5 class="wp-block-heading">*<em>Publishing Note</em>: Parts of this article first appeared in the Commercial Real Estate handbook published by the Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education as part of the author’s 2013 chapter supplement [Chapter 4.S.] to “<em>Commercial Real Estate Financing from the Borrower’s Perspective</em>”.</h5>
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<title>STRATEGIES FOR ASSESSING COMMERCIAL TENANT CREDIT</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/strategies-assessing-commercial-tenant-credit/</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2015 21:47:43 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
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<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial leasing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
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<category><![CDATA[due diligence checklist]]></category>
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<category><![CDATA[landlord concerns]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[GUEST BLOG BY DAVID RESNICK of ROBBINS, SALOMON & PATT, LTD. When considering a lease, tenants are usually focused on the location, size and quality of the leased space, and perform some minimal diligence on the landlord and property manager […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Resnick_low_res_C_CSC2789.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="175" height="219" data-attachment-id="1023" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/strategies-assessing-commercial-tenant-credit/resnick_low_res_c_csc2789/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Resnick_low_res_C_CSC2789.jpg?fit=175%2C219" data-orig-size="175,219" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"8","credit":"","camera":"NIKON D7000","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1367315896","copyright":"","focal_length":"92","iso":"125","shutter_speed":"0.01","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Resnick_low_res_C_CSC2789" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>David Resnick, Attorney<br />
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</p>
" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Resnick_low_res_C_CSC2789.jpg?fit=175%2C219" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Resnick_low_res_C_CSC2789.jpg?fit=175%2C219" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Resnick_low_res_C_CSC2789.jpg?resize=175%2C219" alt="David Resnick, Attorney Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd." class="wp-image-1023"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">David Resnick, Attorney<br />Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.</figcaption></figure></div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><em>GUEST BLOG BY DAVID RESNICK of ROBBINS, SALOMON & PATT, LTD.</em></h3>
<p>When considering a lease, tenants are usually focused on the location, size and quality of the leased space, and perform some minimal diligence on the landlord and property manager to ensure fair treatment over the course of the term. Landlords have a more difficult task,however. A prospective tenant, and most importantly, that tenant’s ability to pay rent, is often unknown to the landlord. In recent years, real estate professionals have witnessed expansion in the array of users of commercial space and at the same time, property owners have been compelled to seek out new types of tenants. Increasing numbers of start-ups and new ventures are seeking to lease space, many of which are backed by various types of equity financing. As a result of these changes, landlords should be particularly vigilant in understanding how their tenants make money, as well as the financial identities of the parties backstopping the obligations of those tenants.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Analyze Tenant Credit</h2>
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<p>Landlords should always analyze tenant credit in the context of the lease. After all, the success of leased real estate, as well as the property owner’s ability to borrow against that asset, is dependent upon the stability of its tenants. While rent is the primary economic factor in any lease transaction, other factors such as term (including rights of extension), area of the premises (including rights of expansion and rights of first refusal on additional space) and the scope of tenant improvements create the platform upon which a tenant’s credit can be evaluated. For example, substantial build-out (regardless of who pays for it) that may inhibit the re-letting the space following a default. Therefore, landlords should be mindful of the tenant’s capacity to pay its construction obligations, which capacity is usually encapsulated in the tenant’s credit and litigation history.</p>
<p>A proper underwriting of a tenant’s credit requires a thorough understanding of that tenant’s business. A prudent landlord will pay attention not only to the tenant’s sources of revenue, but to the market upon which the tenant relies and the business plan upon which the tenant charts its future success. What are the contours of the business model? Is the revenue sustainable? What is the plan for future growth? Has the tenant gone through restructuring or been forced to lay off personnel? Landlords can avoid doing business with troubled or unstable tenants by performing background, lien and litigation searches on the tenant parties as part of the underwriting process. This kind of diligence can usually be completed in a short time-frame at a reasonable cost, and may save substantial time and money if the landlord is forced to evict a tenant it should have known to be at increased risk of default.</p>
<p>Technology has given rise to new products which enhance the process of underwriting tenant credit. For example, the Chicago firm (RE)Meter has created the first “credit score” for commercial tenants, which captures and synthesizes proposed lease transaction terms and basic tenant financial information with exclusive data maintained by a number of federal agencies, including the U.S. Census Bureau, the Department of Labor and the Internal Revenue Service ((RE)Meter is the first firm to access IRS information in this context). The end product, called the TIL Report, can be completed in a mere 15 minutes and offers landlords a sector- and market-specific analysis of its prospective tenants, reflecting a number of detailed metrics including growth trends, profitability and rent per employee. Innovations like these have altered the landscape of tenant underwriting and will enable landlords to make more prudent decisions when marketing space and assessing the risk of potential tenants.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tenant Credit Enhancements</h2>
<p>Conventionally, several mechanisms exist to enhance the credit of a prospective tenant who fails on its own to meet the underwriting criteria of the landlord. The first and foremost of these is the security deposit, which is posted by the tenant in the form of cash or letter of credit and held by the landlord for all or part of the duration of the lease. The deposit may be applied by the landlord towards unpaid amounts payable under the lease like rent, proportionate common area expenses or taxes, or reimbursement of amounts expended to repair damage to the premises. A stronger credit tenant may receive the benefit of a return of all or part of the deposit held by landlord over time, provided the tenant has not defaulted.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Security Deposits</h2>
<p>While cash security deposits have historically been the industry standard in commercial leasing, landlords are increasingly requiring letter of credit security deposits instead. For many landlords, the benefits of cash on hand are overshadowed by the security of an obligation issued by a third-party bank, particularly when the landlord is able to draw on the letter of credit following a default without notice to or consent by the tenant. Letters of credit also may bear advantages to the landlord following a bankruptcy by the tenant, as the obligation of the issuing bank to pay on the letter of credit is independent of the tenant’s obligations under the lease. However, some courts have found that letter of credit security deposits are part of the tenant’s bankruptcy estate and thus subject to the cap on a landlord’s claim for damages under Section 502(b)(6) of the United States Bankruptcy Code.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Lease Guaranties</h2>
<p>Guaranties are a common alternative for securing the credit of a commercial tenant. In the context of commercial leasing, a guaranty is a legally enforceable undertaking by a third party to fulfill the payment or performance obligations of the tenant under a lease. A guaranty may be given by an entity, such as a corporate parent or affiliate, or an individual, such as a majority owner or other key principal of the tenant. To most effectively backstop the credit of the tenant, a guaranty should be a guaranty of payment as opposed to a guaranty of performance. This distinction ensures that the landlord will not be forced to exhaust its remedies against the tenant before pursuing enforcement of the guaranty. Rather, the landlord may pursue the tenant and guarantor simultaneously for unpaid amounts under the lease.</p>
<p>Once a landlord has determined that it will require a guaranty to secure the tenant’s obligations under the lease, what should the landlord look for in evaluating potential guarantors? The most straightforward factor, notwithstanding whether the proposed guarantor is an individual or an entity, is cash on hand and other liquid assets. In satisfaction of the landlord’s inquiry, an guarantors may produce income tax returns, bank statements, financial statements, balance sheets or other evidence of personal holdings. The review process for publicly traded companies is simplified in that pertinent financial information is publicly available. Of course, testing for liquidity has its flaws. There exists no iron-clad protection against fraud, and disclosures only present a snapshot of a party’s credit at the time of the test as opposed to a forecast of future liquidity and stability. A review of tenant and guarantor financial information, as well as credit reports for collections, pledging of material assets or opening of new lines of credit, should be performed at regular intervals throughout the term of the lease.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Financial Disclosure Challenges</h2>
<p>Financial disclosures may be problematic or some privately-held concerns. Particularly in the modern era of start-up firms financed by venture capital and private equity interests, tenants and proposed guarantors may be limited by investor confidentiality. With this in mind, parties to a lease should clarify in the lease or guaranty the form of any future disclosures to be made. Tenants and guarantors may resist delivering full-fledged audited financial statements in favor of reduced balance sheets or nominal form of profit and loss statement. Depending on the profile of the market and building, landlords may be willing to accept less than full disclosure if the statements deliver a reasonable picture of the financial health of the party delivering them.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tenant Stability and Performance Incentives</h2>
<p>As lease term and the disclosure provisions are negotiated, tenants may push the landlord for a variety of concessions that effectively incentivize and reward tenant stability. Perhaps the most common examples of this request are limitations on the security deposit, pledged assets or the liability under or the term of the guaranty. Limitations like these can take a variety of forms, from a fixed term to a cap on the guarantor’s liability based upon a fixed dollar-figure or factor of rent payable under the lease, to an automatic reduction of either the security deposit or the cap on the guarantor’s liability over time. In each instance, the landlord should be cognizant of the hurdles the tenant party must overcome to receive the benefit of these limitations, none more important than the uninterrupted timely payment of rent without default.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tenant Credit is a Key to Successful Lease Performance</h2>
<p>In light of the crises our industry has withstood in recent years, a landlord’s exuberance in welcoming new tenants is understandable. But in the current era of increasing economic growth, landlords should adopt a cautious approach in understanding and monitoring the business of their tenants. No landlord can predict with certainty the success or failure of its tenants; however, perhaps now more than ever, a thorough and complete examination of tenant credit is essential to the financial success of any leased real estate.</p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1024</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>Value Investing vs. Momentum Investing</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/value-investing-vs-momentum-investing/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/value-investing-vs-momentum-investing/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 02 Oct 2014 11:10:52 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[White Papers]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[banks]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closings]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[conducting due diligence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[default]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diligence checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[finance]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investor]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-real-estate/value-investing-vs-momentum-investing/</guid>
<description><![CDATA[As the commercial real estate market begins to pick up steam, beware the urge to follow a “momentum” investment strategy rather that a “value” investment strategy. Momentum investing relies on market increases to generate a return on investment. It is […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>As the commercial real estate market begins to pick up steam, beware the urge to follow a “momentum” investment strategy rather that a “value” investment strategy.</p>
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="104" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/keys-to-closing-a-commercial-real-estate-transaction/httpwww-dreamstime-comroyalty-free-stock-photography-skeleton-keys-image28661257/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg?fit=1500%2C1998" data-orig-size="1500,1998" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"(c) Peanutroaster | Dreamstime.com","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/royalty-free-stock-photography-skeleton-keys-image28661257"}" data-image-title="http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-skeleton-keys-image28661257" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg?fit=225%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg?fit=768%2C1024" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-104" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg?resize=225%2C300" alt="http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-skeleton-keys-image28661257" width="225" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg?resize=225%2C300 225w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg?resize=768%2C1024 768w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/dreamstime_m_28661257-licensed.jpg?w=1500 1500w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" /></a>Momentum investing relies on market increases to generate a return on investment. It is the “rising tide floats all boats” investment model. It is the investment model of which all “bubbles” are made.</p>
<p>As momentum investing accelerates, investment fundamentals tend to get lost. Instead of evaluating cash on cash returns using discounted cash flows that underlie “value” investing, a casino mentality takes hold – whereby investors can justify acquiring assets generating even a negative cash return, with the notion that rising prices will yield a profit. As the saying goes: “Any fool can make a profit in a rising market – and many fools do”. The challenge, of course, comes when a market hits a plateau or, worse yet, the market declines.</p>
<p>As a general proposition, value investing is significantly more prudent. If a project is cash flowing, and generating a positive return on investment, today and for the foreseeable future – which is a fundamental precept of a value investment strategy – the potential added return of any increase in value in the underlying asset caused by the “rising tide” effect is icing on the cake. Choose your cake with care.</p>
<p>There are, of course, exceptions to every rule. But, employing an “exception” is wisely done only after sober reflection of the particular circumstance to determine that in that particular case the exception is warranted. When an exception is regularly employed, it is no longer an exception – but, rather, becomes the rule itself.</p>
<p>As in all markets, there will be winners and there will be losers. It makes sense in the coming commercial real estate revival to position yourself and your company as a winner. You may not get another chance.</p>
<p>Exercise all appropriate due diligence. Use readily available and appropriate asset protection strategies. Invest with intentional regard to reliably building wealth though a well conceived value investing strategy – not a roulette table strategy that, over time, is virtually certain to fail.</p>
<p>If this recent economic debacle has taught us anything, it has taught that bad things can happen to good people who lose sight of the fundamentals. Good deals – even great deals – can be made if reliable commercial real estate investment fundamentals are employed.</p>
<p>As a wise mentor once told me: “You have a good brain – use it.”</p>
<p>Good luck.</p>
<p>R. Kymn Harp<br />
Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Ltd.<br />
Chicago, IL<br />
www.rsplaw.com<br />
JOIN MY THOUGHTBOARD: www.Harp-OnThis.com</p>
<p>REPORTING FROM THE FIELD. . .</p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">318</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>Raising Capital for Real Estate Investment</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/raising-capital-real-estate-investment/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/raising-capital-real-estate-investment/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2014 11:11:53 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#commerical real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#raising capital]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[accredited investor]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[crowdsourcing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[funding]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investors]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[PPM]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[private placement memorandum]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Regulation D]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=706</guid>
<description><![CDATA[At long last, the real estate investment market is beginning to show signs life. Commercial and industrial property transactions are increasingly common, and multifamily properties of all sizes are being snapped up by investors. Historically low interest rates, high occupancy […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1854" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/raising-capital-real-estate-investment/homeandstackcoinandclearbottlebankandgold/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/usiness-investment-for-fund-of-real-estate.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" data-orig-size="1000,667" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2021 Watchara Ritjan\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Home,And,Stack,Coin,And,Clear,Bottle,Bank,And,Gold","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Home,And,Stack,Coin,And,Clear,Bottle,Bank,And,Gold" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/usiness-investment-for-fund-of-real-estate.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/usiness-investment-for-fund-of-real-estate.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/usiness-investment-for-fund-of-real-estate.jpg?resize=400%2C267" alt="usiness investment for fund of real estate" class="wp-image-1854" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/usiness-investment-for-fund-of-real-estate.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/usiness-investment-for-fund-of-real-estate.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/usiness-investment-for-fund-of-real-estate.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
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< ![endif]--><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At long last, the real estate investment market is beginning to show signs life. Commercial and industrial property transactions are increasingly common, and multifamily properties of all sizes are being snapped up by investors. Historically low interest rates, high occupancy rates, increasing rental rates, and rising property values are contributing factors.</span></p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="95" data-attachment-id="884" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/section-1031-like-kind-exchanges-part-1-of-3/rsp/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?fit=334%2C106" data-orig-size="334,106" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="RSP" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?fit=300%2C95" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?fit=334%2C106" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?resize=300%2C95" alt="RSP" class="wp-image-884" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?resize=300%2C95 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?w=334 334w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Early transactions have often been <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cash deals</i>, where the investor paid cash for the property rather than seek financing. This can be a great opportunity to achieve high yields for investors flush with cash, but what about everyone else?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What about potential investors who have limited cash on hand?</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Unlike the easy-credit days preceding the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Great Recession</i>, real estate investment financing is more difficult to obtain and requires a significantly higher equity contribution by investors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Common loan to value ratios are 60% to 65%, which means that for each $1,000,000 the investor needs, the investor can likely borrow only $600,000 to $650,000. Consequently, the investor must come up with between $350,000 and $400,000 in equity for each $1,000,000 of purchase price. For many investors, this may not be an easy task.</span><wp-block data-block="core/more"></wp-block></p>
<p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Solution?</span></i><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Go back to the way we did things in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">old days</i> – before the days of easy, near 100% financing: pool funds with other like-minded investors.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When raising capital from investors, keep in mind that you are engaged in a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">securities</i> offering governed by state, and perhaps federal, securities laws. This is true even if the money is being invested by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">friends and family</i>. A private placement memorandum (“PPM”) is advisable to protect against claims by investors that the investment turned out to be other than what it was portrayed to be. This is particularly important if the investment goes bad – as investments sometimes do. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PPM’s for real estate investments need not be particularly complicated, but they need to comply with applicable securities laws and include the disclosures and information necessary to protect the promoter from liability. The promoter must be particularly cautious if funds are being obtained from investors other than “<a title="Accredited Investor - Reg D definition" href="https://www.sec.gov/answers/accred.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">accredited investors</i></a>” as that term is defined by Rule 501 of Regulation D. Helping promoters comply with the law while raising capital is a key function for lawyers.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In September 2013, as required by the <a title="Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (Jobs Act)" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112hr3606enr/pdf/BILLS-112hr3606enr.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act</i> (JOBS Act)</a>, new rules were established by the <a title="SEC Highlights re JOBS ACT" href="http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/jobs-act.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> to permit general solicitation or general advertising for certain securities offerings limited to accredited investors only. While this may prove helpful to promoters’ efforts to find investors and raise funds, the importance of a carefully crafted PPM has not diminished. Thoughtful promoters and lawyers will recognize that a well-crafted PPM may now be more important than ever.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Raising capital through a private offering of securities is a viable strategy for real estate investment, but it must be done with skill and great care.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Failure to fully comply with the law can be financially catastrophic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Take care to do it right.</span></p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">706</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>Keys Rules For Section 1031 Exchanges</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/keys-rules-section-1031-exchanges/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/keys-rules-section-1031-exchanges/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 2014 11:10:02 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[White Papers]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[broker]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[capital gains]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closings]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[consequences]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[depreciation recapture]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[exchangor]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[how to close]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[like-kind exchange]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[news]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[qualified intermediary]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[relinquished property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[replacement property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Section 1031]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[tax]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[tax deferred exchange]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[tax free exchange]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[trade or business]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=621</guid>
<description><![CDATA[This is the second installment of a three-part series on Section 1031 like-kind exchanges. Part 1 explained WHY you should consider use of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange when selling commercial or investment real property. Part 2 covers the key […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><i>This is the second installment of a three-part series on Section 1031 like-kind exchanges. <a title="Section 1031 Like-Kind Exchanges – Part 1 of 3" href="http://harp-onthis.com/business/section-1031-like-kind-exchanges-part-1-of-3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Part 1</span> explained WHY</a> you should consider use of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange when selling commercial or investment real property. <strong>Part 2</strong> covers the key rules for HOW to implement a Section 1031 like-kind exchange. Part 3 will cover special issues applicable to a Section 1031 like-kind exchange when a Tenant-In-Common [TIC] interest is being acquired.</i></p>
<h1 class="wp-block-heading">KEY RULES FOR SECTION 1031 EXCHANGES</h1>
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<figure class="alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="153" height="300" data-attachment-id="615" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/keys-rules-section-1031-exchanges/u-s-tax-image-istock/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg?fit=990%2C1939" data-orig-size="990,1939" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="U.S. Tax image [iStock]" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg?fit=153%2C300" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg?fit=522%2C1024" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg?resize=153%2C300" alt="U.S. Tax image [iStock]" class="wp-image-615" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg?resize=153%2C300 153w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg?resize=522%2C1024 522w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/U.S.-Tax-image-iStock.jpg?w=990 990w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 153px) 100vw, 153px" /></a></figure></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The following is an outline of key rules applicable to Section 1031 exchanges. Become familiar with these rules. Unless you intend to completely cash out of real estate investing, a Section 1031 exchange may work to your benefit. If you intend to keep investing in real estate or using real estate in your trade or business, a Section 1031 exchange will maximize the capital you have available to reinvest.</span></p>
<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; color: #589199;">Key Elements of a Section 1031 Exchange*</span></i></b></h1>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> What is Section 1031? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Section 1031 refers to Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> What does it do? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Section 1031 permits a taxpayer (the Exchangor) to dispose of certain real estate and personal property and replace it with like-kind property without being required to pay taxes on the transaction.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> What property qualifies? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">To qualify for a Section 1031 exchange, the property being disposed of (the Relinquished Property) must have been used in the Exchangor’s trade or business and/or must have been held for investment purposes. The property being acquired (the Replacement Property) must likewise be acquired for use in the Exchangor’s trade or business or for investment.</span><wp-block data-block="core/more"></wp-block></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">What property is considered like-kind? </span></h2>
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<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1000" height="667" data-attachment-id="1869" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/keys-rules-section-1031-exchanges/closeupwomancustomerreceivinghousekeyfromagentor/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/close-up-woman-customer-receiving-house-key-from-agent-or-realtor-after-finish-agreement-and-sign-contract.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" data-orig-size="1000,667" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2018 Cat Box\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Close,Up,Woman,Customer,Receiving,House,Key,From,Agent,Or","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Close,Up,Woman,Customer,Receiving,House,Key,From,Agent,Or" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/close-up-woman-customer-receiving-house-key-from-agent-or-realtor-after-finish-agreement-and-sign-contract.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/close-up-woman-customer-receiving-house-key-from-agent-or-realtor-after-finish-agreement-and-sign-contract.jpg?fit=1000%2C667" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/close-up-woman-customer-receiving-house-key-from-agent-or-realtor-after-finish-agreement-and-sign-contract.jpg?resize=1000%2C667" alt="close up woman customer receiving house key from agent or realtor after finish agreement and sign contract" class="wp-image-1869" style="width:400px;height:267px" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/close-up-woman-customer-receiving-house-key-from-agent-or-realtor-after-finish-agreement-and-sign-contract.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/close-up-woman-customer-receiving-house-key-from-agent-or-realtor-after-finish-agreement-and-sign-contract.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/close-up-woman-customer-receiving-house-key-from-agent-or-realtor-after-finish-agreement-and-sign-contract.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /></figure></div>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">For real estate, to be like-kind means simply that real estate must be exchanged for real estate. The rules related to personal property are significantly more complex. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Personal property is any property that is not real estate. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Real estate exchanges are fairly straightforward. A warehouse may be exchanged for another warehouse or for any other qualifying real estate including, for instance, a factory building, office building, shopping center, single-tenant store, parking garage, or even a parcel of vacant ground so long as it qualifies as being acquired for use in the Exchangor’s trade or business or is to be held for investment. This is not a difficult test to pass. Similarly, a qualifying parcel of vacant ground or a shopping center or office building or factory or other parcels of investment real estate may be exchanged for any other qualifying real estate investment.</span></p>
<p>Personal property exchanges are not so straightforward. <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">For personal property, the property must be substantially similar and of the same type or class. For example: a car can be exchanged for another car; and a bull can be exchanged for another bull; and a cow can be exchanged for another cow; but, a bull may not be exchanged for either a cow or a car. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Although personal property exchange rules are substantially more technical and complicated than real property exchange rules, generally speaking, depreciable tangible personal property held for productive use in a trade or business can be exchanged for other depreciable tangible personal property held for productive use in a trade or business so long as they fall within the same NAICS classification code. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">For instance, Limited Service Restaurants such as fast food restaurants, pizza delivery, sandwich shops, etc. fall within 2012 NAICS Code 722513. Accordingly, the assets of one can be exchanged for the assets of the other under Section 1031. But, note that the NAICS Code for a bar, tavern or nightclub is 722410, and the NAICS Code for a full service restaurant is 722511, so an exchange of assets of either of these for the assets of the other, or the assets of a Limited Service Restaurant (even though otherwise physically identical), may not likely be considered “like kind”. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The point, for purposes of this post, is that exchange rules for personal property are substantially more complex than exchange rules for real property. Accordingly, if you are exchanging personal property – either in conjunction with an exchange of real property or purely as a personal property exchange – great care must be taken to comply with the personal property exchange rules to receive the benefits of a tax deferred exchange under Section 1031.<br /></span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">What property is excluded? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Some types of property are expressly excluded from tax deferred exchange treatment by statute, rule or regulation The following types of property <em>do not qualify</em> for aSection 1031 exchange: stocks, bonds, partnership interests, limited liability company interests, personal residences, stocks in trade or inventory, and certain other intangible property.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Are there timing issues? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Section 1031 exchanges can be simultaneous, but they are not required to be. In fact, most exchanges made pursuant to Section 1031 are not simultaneous. There are, however, strict timing rules that apply tonon-simultaneous exchanges and strict rules prohibiting access to funds.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">What are the time limits? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Replacement Property or properties must be identified, in writing, not later than forty-five days after the Relinquished Property is transferred (the Identification Period). The Replacement Property or properties must be acquired not later than the earlier of (i) 180 days after the Relinquished Property was transferred, or (ii) the due date for the Exchangor’s tax return, including any extensions (the Acquisition Period). The Identification Period is included within the Acquisition Period.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">How many Replacement Properties may be identified? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">There is no fixed limit to the number of Replacement Properties that may be identified, but there are two primary rules that apply: (1) the Three-Property Rule, and (2) the 200% Rule.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> 1. The Three-Property Rule allows you to identify up to three (3) properties as potential Replacement Properties, regardless of value. You need not acquire all three properties, but as of the end of the Identification Period, not more than three properties may be identified. This is the most commonly used identification rule.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> 2. The 200% Rule allows you to identify any number of potential Replacement Properties so long as the aggregate value of all identified properties does not exceed 200% of the value of the Relinquished Property. You need not acquire all identified properties.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Generally, if you identify more properties than permitted, you are treated as if you have not identified any properties. However, there is one more rule that might save the day. The 95% Rule allows you to identify any number of potential Replacement Properties, regardless of value, so long as you <em>actually acquire</em> within the Acquisition Period at least 95% of the value of all properties identified. Use of the 95% Rule is rare, and is generally considered more a safety valve rule than an intentionally used exchange rule<br /></span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Must all exchange proceeds be used? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">There is no requirement that all proceeds received upon sale of the Relinquished Property be used to acquire the Replacement Property. Any exchange proceeds not used, however, are taxable.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">What constitutes exchange proceeds? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Exchange proceeds means the net sale price of the Relinquished Property, including all net equity and the amount of any mortgage encumbering the Relinquished Property, whether paid off at closing or assumed by the purchaser. It is not sufficient to merely reinvest the net equity received upon sale. The purchase price of the Replacement Property must equal or exceed the aggregate of the net equity received upon sale of the RelinquishedProperty plus any mortgage encumbering the Relinquished Property at the time of the sale closing.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><em>Example</em>: If the Relinquished Property is encumbered by a $700,000 mortgage and is sold for $1 million as part of a Section 1031 exchange transaction, to defer all taxes, the purchase price of the Replacement Property must be at least $1 million, not merely $300,000.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">When can the Exchangor obtain access to unused proceeds? </span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Proceeds from sale of the Relinquished Property may be accessed only when the exchange is completed, fails, or expires. If no potential Replacement Properties are identified within the Identification Period, the exchange fails, and the Exchangor may receive the funds. Those funds will, however, be taxed in the year received. <em>But note</em>: If a mortgage was paid off at the Closing of the Relinquished Property, and the amount of the mortgage was greater than the tax basis of the Relinquished Property, the amount paid to satisfy the mortgage in excess of the tax basis of the Relinquished Property is taxable in the year of Closing of the Relinquished Property.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">If all properties identified within the Identification Period are acquired within the Acquisition Period, the exchange is completed, and any remaining funds may be received by the Exchangor. Those remaining funds are taxable. If less than all identified properties are acquired, but the Acquisition Period expires, all remaining funds may be received by the Exchangor, but are taxable.</span></p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Conclusion:</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">These are the basics. As tax rates rise, Section 1031 exchanges become increasingly valuable.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A Section 1031 exchange is not a new and exotic tax shelter scheme. Tax deferred exchanges of like-kind property have been recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a valid tax deferral strategy since the early 1920s. The structure and effect of a Section 1031 exchange were specifically authorized by Congress by enacting Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Internal Revenue Service has promulgated extensive regulations for its implementation.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Use Section 1031 to your advantage, but be sure to strictly comply with the Section 1031 rules.</span></p>
<p>* <em>Special Thanks to my tax partner, James M. Mainzer, for consulting on this post.</em></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">_________________________________</span></p>
<p><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">As required by the Internal Revenue Service under Circular 230, you are advised that any U.S. federal tax advice contained in this article is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed in this article.</span></i></p>
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<title>Section 1031 Like-Kind Exchanges – Part 1 of 3</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/section-1031-like-kind-exchanges-part-1-of-3/</link>
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<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2014 15:31:40 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Business]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[This is the first installment of a three-part series on Section 1031 like-kind exchanges. Part 1 explains WHY you should consider use of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange when selling commercial or investment real property. Part 2 covers the key […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><i>This is the first installment of a three-part series on Section 1031 like-kind exchanges. <b>Part 1</b> explains WHY you should consider use of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange when selling commercial or investment real property. Part 2 covers the key rules for HOW to implement a Section 1031 like-kind exchange. Part 3 covers special issues applicable to a Section 1031 like-kind exchange when a Tenant-In-Common [TIC] interest is being acquired.</i></p>
<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><b>Why Consider a §1031 Like-Kind Exchange? </b></h1>
<p>What if I told you that you could get a hefty 0% interest loan from the federal government to invest in commercial or industrial real estate? Would you be interested?</p>
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<figure class="alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="95" data-attachment-id="884" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/section-1031-like-kind-exchanges-part-1-of-3/rsp/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?fit=334%2C106" data-orig-size="334,106" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="RSP" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?fit=300%2C95" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?fit=334%2C106" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?resize=300%2C95" alt="RSP" class="wp-image-884" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?resize=300%2C95 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/RSP.jpg?w=334 334w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div>
<p>Better yet, what if that loan has no fixed monthly, quarterly, or annual repayment obligations and does not show up on your credit report or balance sheet as an outstanding liability?</p>
<p>Still better yet, what if the terms of the loan provide that it may never have to be repaid? Are you interested now?</p>
<p>In effect,* that’s what a Section 1031 like-kind exchange can do for you.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b>Here’s how:</b></h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1871" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/section-1031-like-kind-exchanges-part-1-of-3/realestatetrading-businessmenagreetobuy-sellreal/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/businessman-exchanging-property.jpg?fit=1000%2C665" data-orig-size="1000,665" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2019 Wasan Tita\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Real,Estate,Trading.,Businessmen,Agree,To,Buy,-,Sell,Real","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Real,Estate,Trading.,Businessmen,Agree,To,Buy,-,Sell,Real" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/businessman-exchanging-property.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/businessman-exchanging-property.jpg?fit=1000%2C665" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/businessman-exchanging-property.jpg?resize=400%2C266" alt="businessman exchanging property" class="wp-image-1871" width="400" height="266" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/businessman-exchanging-property.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/businessman-exchanging-property.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/businessman-exchanging-property.jpg?resize=768%2C511 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code permits </p>
<span id="more-578"></span>
<p>a taxpayer to dispose of property used in its trade or business or held for investment purposes without paying federal income taxes, including capital gains taxes, on any gain arising from the transaction. To qualify for nonrecognition of gain, the taxpayer disposing of the qualifying property must comply with the technical requirements of Section 1031 by exchanging the property for other like-kind property identified within 45 days after Closing, and acquiring the identified property within the time period provided by statute. In general, that time period is 180 days, but may be cut short if the taxpayer files its tax return for the period in which the Section 1031 like-kind exchange was initiated before the 180-day period expires. For real estate, “like-kind” generally means any other real estate, so long as it is acquired and held for use in your trade or business or for investment purposes. The key Section 1031 like-kind exchange rules are outlined later, in Part 2 of this series. This article addresses the advantages of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange.</p>
<p>To demonstrate the value of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange, let’s focus on the concept that a Section 1031 like-kind exchange permits you to dispose of qualifying property without being obligated to pay federal income taxes on any gain arising from the transaction. It works like this:</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b>Scenario No. 1 </b></h2>
<p>Suppose you bought a parcel of vacant ground for $100,000, with the intent to use the parcel in your trade or business or simply to hold for investment purposes. A few years later, you decide to sell the parcel, which has risen in value to $300,000. Upon sale, you will have a taxable gain of $200,000.</p>
<p>Assume a federal capital gains tax rate of 20%. This is the current capital gains tax rate under the Internal Revenue Code.</p>
<p>At a 20% capital gains tax rate, the federal income tax payable in Scenario No. 1 is $40,000 (20% x $200,000 = $40,000). If you held the property free and clear, with no mortgage, you would be left with $260,000, which could, after payment of any applicable state taxes, be used to acquire another property ($300,000 sale price <i>less</i> $40,000 capital gains tax = $260,000).</p>
<p>States have their own taxes that may also be applicable. Illinois has a 5% flat tax on income. In Illinois, after applying the 20% federal capital gains tax rate and also applying the 5% Illinois flat tax rate, the effective rate on the gain is 25%. Accordingly, the effective tax on the $200,000 gain for an Illinois taxpayer would be $50,000, leaving only $250,000 available to reinvest. [Additionally, if that is not bad enough, you may also owe and additional 3.8% Medicare Surtax on net investment income.]
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b>Scenario No. 2 </b></h2>
<p>Suppose instead of purchasing a parcel of vacant property, as assumed in Scenario No. 1, you bought a parcel of improved real estate. Suppose the purchase price was $500,000, with $100,000 allocated to the land and $400,000 allocated to building improvements. Ten years later, you sell the property for $700,000. During the ten-year period you owned the property, you deducted $100,000 as depreciation expense.</p>
<p>Although the property is sold for $200,000 more than your purchase price, the gain you realize is actually $300,000 because the $100,000 accumulated depreciation deduction reduces the property’s tax basis by a corresponding amount. As a consequence, although you purchased the property for $500,000, the current tax basis (after depreciation) is only $400,000. Therefore, the taxable gain is $300,000, calculated by deducting the tax basis from the sale price.</p>
<p>At first glance, you may believe that the effect of the foregoing is to increase your capital gain to $300,000 resulting in a federal capital gains tax of $60,000 (20% x $300,000 = $60,000); but that is not correct. Under current tax law, you are required to first pay a tax on an amount equal to the accumulated depreciation taken as a deduction on the property, at a depreciation-recapture tax rate of 25%, with the balance of the gain taxed at the 20% federal capital gains rate. [Once again, you may also owe an additional 3.8% Medicare Surtax on net investment income.]
<p>As a consequence, the federal tax you will owe is (at least) $65,000, (25% x $100,000 depreciation-recapture tax = $25,000, plus 20% x $200,000 capital gain = $40,000, for a total federal tax of $65,000 – plus any additional 3.8% Medicare Surtax that may be applicable). If we once again assume for simplicity that you did not have a mortgage on the property, you would be left with $635,000 (or less) which, after payment of any applicable state tax on the gain, you could reinvest in another property. In Illinois you would pay an additional flat tax of $15,000 on the gain [$300,000 x 5% Illinois flat tax rate], leaving you only $620,000 (or less) to reinvest.</p>
<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><b>The Benefit of a Section 1031 Like-Kind Exchange</b></h1>
<p>The beauty of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange is that the gain on the transactions described in Scenario No. 1 and Scenario No. 2 is not recognized at the time of sale, with the result that you do not have to pay either the federal capital gains tax or the federal depreciation-recapture tax [and, in Illinois, you do not have to pay the 5% state flat tax] on the transaction. Likewise, any applicable 3.8% Medicare Surtax would be deferred as well. Consequently, in Scenario No. 1, you will have the whole $300,000 to reinvest; and in Scenario No. 2, you will have the whole $700,000 to reinvest (once again, assuming no mortgage).</p>
<p>The capital gains taxes and the depreciation-recapture taxes are not waived by use of a Section 1031 like-kind exchange but, rather, the obligation to pay these taxes is deferred until a future transaction that results in a taxable event that recognizes a gain. [The same is true with the Illinois flat tax and the Medicare surtax.]
<p>Since there is no prohibition against utilizing the Section 1031 like-kind exchange procedure in successive transactions, however, payment of taxes on the gain can be deferred indefinitely. If the taxpayer is a limited liability company, corporation, trust, or other entity with a perpetual existence, the day of reckoning for payment of the capital gains taxes and depreciation-recapture taxes [and state flat tax] may never come. You will, however, limit your depreciation deduction because the tax basis of the relinquished property will carry over as the tax basis of the replacement property. This tax basis can be adjusted upward if additional capital is contributed to acquire the replacement property or, thereafter, to improve the replacement property.</p>
<p>If the taxpayer/exchangor is a natural person rather than a limited liability company, corporation, trust, or other legal entity, the Internal Revenue Code provides that upon the death of the taxpayer/exchangor, the tax basis of all property owned by the taxpayer is adjusted to the property’s fair market value as of the date of death. As a consequence, no capital gains tax or depreciation-recapture taxes will ever be recognized on the prior exchanges. [In Illinois, the tax basis adjusts at death also, avoiding application of the state flat tax on the increase in value.]
<p>It is these attributes that form the basis of my statement at the outset of this article that it is possible to, in effect, obtain a long-term loan* from the federal government, without interest, without scheduled periodic payments, without reflecting an outstanding liability on your credit report or balance sheet, and, possibly, with no obligation to ever repay.</p>
[*As a fiscal conservative, I understand the argument that it is not <i>actually</i> like a “loan” because the money <i>actually</i> belongs to the taxpayer, not the government until taken via taxation. It may not be a perfect analogy, but you get the point.]
<p>There are strict technical rules that apply to Section 1031 like-kind exchanges. Among them are technical rules for exchanging property subject to a mortgage. For this reason, advice from a knowledgeable tax adviser is critical when structuring a Section 1031 like-kind exchange. In Part 2 of this series, entitled <i>Key Rules to Implementing a Section 1031 Like-Kind Exchange</i>, we will review the basic rules that apply to carrying out a Section 1031 like-kind exchange to obtain its advantages.</p>
<p>_________________________________________________________________________</p>
<p><i>As required by the Internal Revenue Service under Circular 230, you are advised that any U.S. federal tax advice contained in this article is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed in this article.</i></p>
<p> </p>
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<title>WANTED: REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/wanted-real-estate-developer/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/wanted-real-estate-developer/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jun 2014 22:06:07 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Public Private Partnerships]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[broker]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[economic incentives]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[grocery store]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[home rule]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[project entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[public-private partnership]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[site entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[MONEE, ILLINOIS IS IN SEARCH OF A COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER – AND WILL PROVIDE ECONOMIC INCENTIVES This post is intended to serve two purposes: Let me first say that I am not a real estate broker or real estate […]]]></description>
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<h1 class="wp-block-heading">MONEE, ILLINOIS IS IN SEARCH OF A COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER – AND WILL PROVIDE ECONOMIC INCENTIVES</h1>
<p>This post is intended to serve two purposes:</p>
<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>To give any interested commercial real estate developer a heads up that there is an opportunity in Monee, Illinois to obtain meaningful economic incentives as part of a public-private partnership with the Village of Monee;</li>
<li>To help Monee, Illinois attract the commercial development it wants and needs – including particularly a grocery store.</li>
</ol>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" data-attachment-id="519" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-real-estate-development-life-lessons-and-residential-neighbors/httpwww-dreamstime-comstock-photos-walking-shopping-center-image29466233/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?fit=1982%2C1512" data-orig-size="1982,1512" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"(c) Amsis1 | Dreamstime.com","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/stock-photos-walking-shopping-center-image29466233"}" data-image-title="http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-walking-shopping-center-image29466233" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?fit=300%2C228" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?fit=1024%2C781" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?resize=300%2C228" alt="http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-walking-shopping-center-image29466233" class="wp-image-519" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?resize=300%2C228 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?resize=1024%2C781 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?resize=393%2C300 393w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/dreamstimemedium_29466233.jpg?w=1982 1982w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div>
<p>Let me first say that I am <em>not</em> a real estate broker or real estate developer, I don’t own land in or near Monee, I don’t represent Monee, and I have no other specific connection to Monee.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">WHAT IS THE POINT OF THIS POST?</h2>
<p>I do represent commercial real estate developers (mostly property turn-around specialists and redevelopers) and commercial real estate investors. Developers often tell me they are looking for development opportunities </p>
<span id="more-821"></span>
<p>including, particularly, opportunities to work with municipalities willing to provide economic incentives. OK. Here is your opportunity.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">TAKING “YES” FOR AN ANSWER</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1947" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/wanted-real-estate-developer/housingdeveloperagentholdinganarchitecturalmodelandexplainingconcept/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/housing-developer-agent-holding-an-architectural-model.jpg?fit=1000%2C668" data-orig-size="1000,668" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2017 Atstock Productions\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Housing,Developer,Agent,Holding,An,Architectural,Model,And,Explaining,Concept","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Housing,Developer,Agent,Holding,An,Architectural,Model,And,Explaining,Concept" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/housing-developer-agent-holding-an-architectural-model.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/housing-developer-agent-holding-an-architectural-model.jpg?fit=1000%2C668" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/housing-developer-agent-holding-an-architectural-model.jpg?resize=400%2C267" alt="housing developer agent holding an architectural model" class="wp-image-1947" width="400" height="267" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/housing-developer-agent-holding-an-architectural-model.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/housing-developer-agent-holding-an-architectural-model.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/housing-developer-agent-holding-an-architectural-model.jpg?resize=768%2C513 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>One of the quirks of real estate developers is that many developers don’t take advantage of low-hanging fruit. Developers like to be <em>where the action is</em>, which is fine – but often <em>where the action is</em> is not where the municipal economic incentives are. The best and easiest way to obtain economic incentives from a municipality is to work with a municipality actively seeking economic development and which is ready, willing and able to provide economic incentives. Monee, Illinois is such a place.</p>
<p>Monee is a small but rapidly growing home-rule village in Will County, Illinois. It currently has three (3) active TIF districts and a well-situated five (5) acre commercial parcel owned by the Village of Monee, designated for grocery store development. Will County is the fastest growing county in Illinois, and one of the fastest growing counties in the United States. The daytime population of Monee is much larger than the resident population, because of the presence of substantial industrial development and a large population in surrounding unincorporated Will County. Monee is served by a full interchange off of I-57, and easy access via IL-50, Governor’s Highway. Monee is also a stone’s throw from Governor’s State University in adjacent University Park.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">CALLING ALL GROCERY STORES</h2>
<p>What Monee believes it needs, and is willing to provide meaningful economic assistance to obtain, is retail development. What Monee really wants and needs is a full service grocery store. The nearest full service grocery store is a 20 minute highway drive away from Monee.</p>
<p>If you are a commercial real estate developer in search of public-private partnership opportunities with a willing municipal partner, Monee is a place you should consider.</p>
<p>If you are a grocery store developer or operator considering expansion into Will County, Illinois, you would be foolish not to consider Monee. I have met with the Mayor, Village Clerk and Village Administrator for Monee. I know they are serious. I have a sense of the economic incentives they are willing to offer. If you can’t make a grocery store development work in Monee, you will not likely be able to make one work anywhere.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">HEADS UP</h2>
<p>As I said at the outset of this post, I don’t have a stake in Monee. I just recognize the opportunity it represents to an entrepreneurial commercial real estate developer and/or grocery store operator.</p>
<p>I’m just giving you a heads-up. It is up to you to take advantage of it.</p>
<p>If I can be of assistance, let me know.</p>
<p> </p>
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<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">821</post-id> </item>
<item>
<title>Commercial Real Estate Due Diligence – Do You Know the Four Areas of Inquiry?</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-real-estate-due-diligence-do-you-know-the-four-areas-of-inquiry/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-real-estate-due-diligence-do-you-know-the-four-areas-of-inquiry/#comments</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2014 23:00:34 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[White Papers]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[conducting due diligence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diligence binder]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diligence checklist]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[due diliigence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[how to close]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[loans]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[purchase]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[what to look for]]></category>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://harp-onthis.com/?p=288</guid>
<description><![CDATA[  Albert Einstein:           “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”   Commercial Real Estate Due Diligence – the Four Areas of Inquiry I’m a big fan of Albert Einstein. He’s one of my intellectual heroes.  He […]]]></description>
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<h4 class="wp-block-heading"> </h4>
<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Albert Einstein: <i>“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”</i></h4>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"> </h2>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Commercial Real Estate Due Diligence – the Four Areas of Inquiry</h2>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignleft"><a href="http://harp-onthis.com/business/due-diligence-checklists-for-commercial-real-estate-transactions/"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" data-attachment-id="120" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-real-estate-due-diligence-do-you-know-the-four-areas-of-inquiry/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964-jpg/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg?fit=999%2C413" data-orig-size="999,413" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"(c) Svanhorn4245 | Dreamstime.com","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"http:\/\/www.dreamstime.com\/stock-images-due-diligence-image4416964"}" data-image-title="cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg" data-image-description="<p>http://harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg</p>
" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg?fit=300%2C124" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg?fit=999%2C413" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg?resize=300%2C124" alt="cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg" class="wp-image-120" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg?resize=300%2C124 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg?resize=500%2C206 500w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/cropped-dreamstime_m_4416964.jpg?w=999 999w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div>
<p>I’m a big fan of Albert Einstein. He’s one of my intellectual heroes. He could see and understand what others could barely imagine. His greatest gift, I believe, was his ability to find answers to questions others didn’t even know existed.</p>
<p>Real estate due diligence requires insight as well. To find the answers, you must </p>
<span id="more-288"></span>
<p>know the questions.</p>
<p>Of course, I’m no Albert Einstein but, then, real estate due diligence is not inter-galactic science.</p>
<p>The term itself is confusing. “<em>Due diligence</em>” is used grammatically like it’s a thing or a process. “<i>We need to complete our due diligence</i>”; or “<i>Let me review your due diligence”</i>; or “<i>due diligence is expensive</i>”. I admit, I use it the same way.</p>
<p>In fact, however, “due diligence” is a standard of conduct. Due diligence refers to the degree of diligence we should exercise to investigate and analyze all important issues facing a particular transaction. That is to say, the degree of diligence that is <em>“due”</em> under the circumstances.</p>
<p> This definition has two important components:</p>
<!--more-->
<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>a focus on “<em>important issues</em>”; and</li>
<li>the degree of diligence appropriate under the circumstances of the particular transaction.</li>
</ol>
<p>The art of the deal, so to speak, is in understanding what is “<em>important</em>” and what degree of investigation is due.</p>
<p>Failure to accurately identify these two threshold considerations will lead to one of two outcomes. The due diligence investigation will be either: (1) incomplete – and therefore ineffective to discover and resolve the important transaction risks it is intended to protect against; or (2) overly broad – in which case it will be more time-consuming and expensive than it needs to be. Either way, its value is diminished.</p>
<p>Due diligence can be expensive. We need to avoid making it more expensive than necessary.</p>
<p>So, how do we make sure we get full value for our due diligence dollars? By making sure we know the right questions to ask, and then answering them.</p>
<p>This requires two preliminary sets of questions:</p>
<p> <i>First</i>: What is the vision for this property? Why is it being acquired, and how will it be used?</p>
<p> <i>Second</i>: What is necessary to be known in order to confirm the vision can be fulfilled?</p>
<p>To be sure, we must know the <i>first</i> to answer the <i>second</i>. It is in answering the second that due diligence must be exercised.</p>
<p>For guidance, please review: “<a title="DUE DILIGENCE CHECKLISTS for Commercial Real Estate Transactions" href="http://harp-onthis.com/due-diligence-checklists-for-commercial-real-estate-transactions-3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i>Due Diligence Checklists for Commercial Real Estate Transactions</i></a>”.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">For commercial real estate, there are four principal areas of concern:</h2>
<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li> Market Demand</li>
<li> Access</li>
<li> Use</li>
<li> Finances</li>
</ol>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="1878" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/commercial-real-estate-due-diligence-do-you-know-the-four-areas-of-inquiry/youngprofessionaldrawingagrowingrealestatechart-concretebackground/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/young-professional-drawing-a-growing-real-estate-chart.jpg?fit=1000%2C795" data-orig-size="1000,795" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2014 ImageFlow\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Young,Professional,Drawing,A,Growing,Real,Estate,Chart.,Concrete,Background.","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Young,Professional,Drawing,A,Growing,Real,Estate,Chart.,Concrete,Background." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/young-professional-drawing-a-growing-real-estate-chart.jpg?fit=300%2C239" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/young-professional-drawing-a-growing-real-estate-chart.jpg?fit=1000%2C795" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/young-professional-drawing-a-growing-real-estate-chart.jpg?resize=400%2C317" alt="young professional drawing a growing real estate chart" class="wp-image-1878" width="400" height="317" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/young-professional-drawing-a-growing-real-estate-chart.jpg?w=1000 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/young-professional-drawing-a-growing-real-estate-chart.jpg?resize=300%2C239 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/young-professional-drawing-a-growing-real-estate-chart.jpg?resize=768%2C611 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure></div>
<p>Once the vision is clear, addressing these four areas of concern will determine whether that vision can be fulfilled. Within these four areas of concern we will find all the questions that need to be asked and answered to determine the feasibility of any commercial real estate transaction or project. How straightforward is that?</p>
<p>So what do these areas of concern entail? In simple terms, they can be summarized by a description of the inquiry they present.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">1. Market Demand</h2>
<p><em>Market demand</em> asks this question: Is the proposed project needed or wanted by target consumers in the geographic area within which the property is located?</p>
<p>Market demand is the most fundamental of the four aspects of commercial real estate. If there is no market demand, the transaction or project should not go forward. If you are developing, financing or investing in a real estate project, make sure there is market demand for what is being offered. If you are a strategic user intending to occupy and use the property yourself, market demand may be satisfied by your own business needs. If you are investing on speculation, be sure you know the demand of your intended market.</p>
<p>Determining market demand seldom involves a legal question. No attorney time is necessary. [<em>See? I’m saving you money already</em>.]
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b>2. Access</b></h2>
<p><em>Access</em> asks this question: Assuming adequate market demand to justify the proposed transaction or project, can target consumers seeking the goods or services to be offered at or from the property get to it with ease? This aspect includes evaluation of:</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>existing or proposed highways, streets, and drives that will serve the site;</li>
<li>availability of in-and-out curb cuts for consumers and for delivery trucks and vans;</li>
<li>vehicular traffic flow to, from, and within the project site;</li>
<li>volume and convenience of pedestrian traffic;</li>
<li>ability of the project to accommodate the needs of the disabled in a manner compliant with Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §12181, et seq.;</li>
<li>adequacy of available parking (which, for business reasons, may need to be greater than the minimum required for zoning);</li>
<li>availability of public transportation; <em>and</em></li>
<li>all other factors that may affect the flow of consumers and users to and from the site.</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b> 3. Use </b></h2>
<p><em>Use</em> asks this question: Can the property be used as intended? This aspect includes an inquiry into:</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>applicable zoning and private land use controls;</li>
<li>availability of utilities;</li>
<li>internet/social-network connectivity and availability of telecommunications;</li>
<li>site topography;</li>
<li>quality of soil compaction to enable improvement using cost-effective methods of construction;</li>
<li>evaluation of the environmental condition of the property to determine whether environmental impediments exist that would prevent use of the property as intended absent remediation, institutional controls or environmental impact mitigation; <em>and</em></li>
<li>all other factors that may prevent the site from being used as inte<b>nded. </b></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"> 4. Finances</h2>
<p><em>Finances</em> asks these questions: (a) Can funds be obtained to acquire, construct, and operate the project? <i>and </i>(b) Will the investor receive an adequate return on investment to justify proceeding with the transaction or project?</p>
<p>To answer these questions we must know the cost of acquisition or development and the net operating income and capital recovery expected to be generated by the project.</p>
<p>We must determine whether costly environmental remediation or institutional controls will be required; the amount of applicable user fees; environmental impact mitigation costs, if any; real estate taxes; special assessments; tenant allowance or build-out requirements; and all other factors having an economic impact.</p>
<p>Although finances are primarily a business concern, certain aspects of project finance do fall within the realm of legal due diligence. Thus the reference to one-half of the Finances concern being within the realm of attorney conducted due diligence.</p>
<p>Documentation of equity investments and project loans, as well as hybrids such as mezzanine financing, demand the attention of legal counsel.</p>
<p>If the property is leased, an evaluation of the amount, velocity and durability of the revenue stream and any financial commitments of the owner/landlord are often considered by counsel.</p>
<p>Certainly, if public money is sought to reduce the net cost of development, legal counsel is required.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><b>Other Due Diligence Concerns</b></h2>
<p>The four areas of concern described above pertain to the “<em>real estate</em>” aspects of the transaction. If you are dealing with commercial real estate, your due diligence must focus on these issues.</p>
<p>Every capital transaction has other due diligence concerns as well. These other concerns are beyond the scope of this post, but may include issues pertaining to entity structure, authority of the parties, income and capital gains taxation and tax deferments, securities, and the overall structure of the transaction, to name just a few.</p>
<p>Commercial real estate due diligence is not rocket science but . . .</p>
<p> . . . it certainly helps if you know what you’re looking for.</p>
<p class="has-text-align-center"> Thanks for listening! <i> </i></p>
<p><i> Kymn</i></p>
<p> </p>
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<item>
<title>IN PRAISE OF REAL ESTATE DEVELOPERS – Let’s Do Lunch!</title>
<link>http://harp-onthis.com/praise-developers-lets-lunch/</link>
<comments>http://harp-onthis.com/praise-developers-lets-lunch/#respond</comments>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kymn Harp]]></dc:creator>
<pubDate>Fri, 10 Jan 2014 20:28:21 +0000</pubDate>
<category><![CDATA[Commercial Real Estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[White Papers]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[#CRE]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Chicago]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[commercial real estate]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[conducting due diligence]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[developers]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[Illinois]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[industrial property]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[investment]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[keys to closing]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[lending]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[loans]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[project entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[public-private partnership]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[site entitlement]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[transactions]]></category>
<category><![CDATA[urban infill]]></category>
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<description><![CDATA[This article is being republished as a welcoming salutation to many of my long-lost Real Estate Developer friends.  You have been missed over the past several years. Call me.  Let’s do lunch! Did I happen to mention I love Real […]]]></description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="has-text-align-center"><i>This article is being republished as a welcoming salutation to many of my long-lost Real Estate Developer friends. You have been missed over the past several years. Call me. Let’s do lunch!</i></p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
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<p>Did I happen to mention I love Real Estate Developers? Not like I love my wife or my kids, or even my dog, but Real Estate Developers are definitely among my favorite people.</p>
<p>Think about it.</p>
<p>Real Estate Developers are like Gods. [Well, miniature gods, at least.] They create much of the physical world we inhabit. The homes and condominiums we live in. The grocery store and pharmacy down the street. The resorts and casinos and golf courses we enjoy for leisure. Restaurants. Shopping centers. Office buildings. Movie theaters. Truck terminals. Medical and surgical centers. Spas. Factories. Warehouses. Auditoriums. Parking garages. Hotels.</p>
<p>You name it; if its <i>man-made</i>, attached to dirt, and we can get inside it, a Real Estate Developer was probably involved.</p>
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<figure class="alignright size-medium is-resized"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" data-attachment-id="1920" data-permalink="http://harp-onthis.com/praise-developers-lets-lunch/constructionworkerindubaimarinainasummerdayunited/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1707" data-orig-size="2560,1707" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Shutterstock","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Copyright (c) 2016 Sergii Figurnyi\/Shutterstock. No use without permission.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Construction,Worker,In,Dubai,Marina,In,A,Summer,Day,,United","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Construction,Worker,In,Dubai,Marina,In,A,Summer,Day,,United" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?fit=300%2C200" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?fit=1024%2C683" src="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers.jpg?resize=300%2C200" alt="real estate developers" class="wp-image-1920" style="width:400px;height:264px" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C683 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/harp-onthis.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/real-estate-developers-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C1365 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure></div>
<p>Real Estate Developers are visionaries. They have the vision to recognize trends and the need for change. They recognize imbalances between what exists and what is needed. They see neighborhoods and towns and regions in flux as opportunities for renewal and improvement. Not only do Real Estate Developers see opportunity, they seize it. They envision change and commit to it. Then work with it; massage it; shape it; squeeze it; stir it; shake it; blend it; juggle it; and make it happen.</p>
<p>How could anyone not love that?</p>
<p>Real Estate Developers are visionaries with a purpose. Visionaries who know how to transform their vision into reality. They are optimists. They are dreamers and doers wrapped into one. And for me, they are fun. Not funny, necessarily, but fun to be around. Fun to work with. Fun to dream with.</p>
<p>I remember back in 1992 when John L. Marks of Mark IV Realty Group walked into my office and said he wanted to buy and redevelop the Marina City Entertainment Complex in downtown Chicago. At the time, the Marina City Entertainment Complex was a rat hole. Largely vacant. In foreclosure. Languishing in bankruptcy. Burdened with nearly $10,000,000 in unpaid and delinquent real estate taxes. Physically decaying and needing tens of millions of dollars in repairs. The residential condominium owners occupying the top 40 floors of the two landmark corn cob shaped towers were understandably hostile and uncooperative – having been burned in the past by broken promises of prior owners.</p>
<p>Yet, in all of this mess, John saw opportunity. He had a vision that this dilapidated, decaying behemoth of an eyesore could be transformed into an economically viable and thriving jewel.</p>
<p>We spent most of the next four years working on that project. The transformation was remarkable. We had a blast making it happen.</p>
<p>Today, the Marina City Entertainment Complex is home to the House of Blues, Hotel Sax, Smith and Wollensky Steak House, Bin 36 Wine Cafe, Bar Louie, 10 Pin Bowling Lounge, Skipper Bud’s Marina, and numerous other thriving businesses. The pie-shaped condominiums starting above the 20 story parking garage in each of the residential towers have risen substantially in value and offer some of the most dramatic skyline views in Chicago. The entire Marina City complex has been reestablished as a thriving mixed-use and entertainment mecca in the heart of Chicago.</p>
<p>Why? Because Chicago Real Estate Developer John L. Marks had the vision and commitment to make it happen.</p>
<p>Did I mention I love Real Estate Developers?</p>
<p>In the Spring of 2005, I got the call to join the development team of Madkatstep Entertainment LLC.</p>
<p>Madkatstep Entertainment was a combined venture of <a title="Sears Holdings Corporation" href="http://www.searsholdings.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sears Holdings Corporation</a>, the retailing giant, and <a title="Ryan Companies US, Inc." href="http://www.ryancompanies.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ryan Companies US, Inc</a>., a remarkably creative and entrepreneurial Real Estate Developer based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. [Yes, I love Ryan Companies too.]
<p>It started with an idea.</p>
<p>Ryan Companies and the V.P. of Real Estate at Sears had a notion to build a sports and entertainment venue in an affluent community in need of convenient and unique entertainment options.</p>
<p>Sears had moved its corporate headquarters to Hoffman Estates, Illinois in the early 1990s. As part of that move, Sears had acquired a large tract of adjacent land that was ready and available for development.</p>
<p>Hoffman Estates is a forward looking community in a growing and affluent region northwest of Chicago in search of quality of life amenities for its residents.</p>
<p>It was a match made in heaven.</p>
<p>By the time I was called in as lead development counsel, Sears and Ryan had already negotiated a Memorandum of Understanding with the Village of Hoffman Estates setting forth a basic framework for the new Sears Centre Arena, including general terms for municipal financing.</p>
<p>A major tenant for the new Sears Centre Arena was to be a professional hockey team. A key development objective was to have the 11,000 capacity, 240,000 square foot arena built and ready for occupancy in time for the Fall 2006 hockey season. It was already April 2005, only 18 months from the target opening date. Even the most accelerated construction schedule required a minimum of 14 months from groundbreaking to opening. Time was running out.</p>
<p>In the 100 day rush that followed, the entire development team entered a zone and worked nearly around the clock with the Village of Hoffman Estates.</p>
<p>The Real Estate Developer, Ryan Companies US, Inc., working closely with SHC Real Estate., negotiated agreements, confronted issues and overcame obstacles to obtain formal development approval, finalized municipal financing, formalized the naming rights agreement and ownership agreements, and accommodated project dissenters who were threatening litigation to delay or stop the arena from being built.</p>
<p>In the end, it was creativity, perseverance and intense focus that led to the official groundbreaking for Sears Centre Arena on July 21, 2005. It is a unique sports and entertainment facility that will serve the Village of Hoffman Estates and neighboring towns for decades to come. It is already serving as an economic engine for complementary development that will provide new jobs, new opportunities and a broadened tax base.</p>
<p>These two examples of creative development by visionary Real Estate Developers are not unique. Between these two notable examples, and beyond, the scenario plays out over and over again in large and small development projects every day.</p>
<p>Renewal of functionally obsolete or declining shopping centers, warehouses and other structures into modern and thriving enterprises.</p>
<p>Resurrection of blighted and decaying areas in cities and towns into homes and condominiums with retail and service businesses to support new neighborhoods.</p>
<p>Recycling of contaminated industrial brownfields into safe and productive environments for consumers and business.</p>
<p>Greenfield developments to provide new opportunities, new jobs and new services for emerging communities and families.</p>
<p>Real Estate Developers are seeing a need, stepping up to the challenge and improving the world in which we live.</p>
<p>I have been blessed to work with some amazingly creative and dedicated Real Estate Developers, both large and small, who are making a difference – and a profit – while having fun in the process.</p>
<p>Did I say fun? Maybe not during every moment while facing every challenge, but by and large</p>
<p>Real Estate Developers are people who genuinely enjoy what they are doing. As a commercial real estate attorney, working with Real Estate Developers has always been, for me, exhilarating.</p>
<p>Why do I love Real Estate Developers? Ask yourself: How many times do you have the opportunity to work with people who make your job “exhilarating”? What’s not to love about that?</p>
<p>So, the next time you meet a Real Estate Developer, please, grab the developer’s hand, look him or her directly in the eye and say with deepest gratitude and sincerity: <i>“Thank you! My friend Kymn Harp thinks you are the most wonderful person in the world. He loves you and thinks you are brilliant.” </i>[Then slip him my business card and ask him to call me.]
<p> Thanks for listening.</p>
<p> <i>R. Kymn Harp </i></p>
<p>P.S. For those of you with “normal” names – or at least conventional name spellings, you may appreciate this assist:</p>
<p>My name “Kymn” is a family name and is pronounced “Kim”. Think of “Kymn” as being like a “church <span style="text-decoration: underline;">hymn</span>”, with a “K” instead of an “H”. To remember this, associate my last name “Harp” with “Angels”. Then, if it helps, think of me as “Kymn Harp, the Real Estate Developer’s dirt-angel” (with a law degree).</p>
<p> Thanks again,</p>
<p><i> Kymn </i></p>
<p> </p>
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